Critical Reading and Writing in the Humanities Essay

1. Reflective Essay (Diagnostic) Describe briefly your experiences with writing at the pre-university level. Discuss how any factor or an individual has influenced your approach and/or attitude to writing. Explain your expectations of this course. (300 words) 2. Essay Outline and Annotated Bibliography-20% Annotated Bibliography Compiling a list of annotated references will help you to become familiar with a variety of perspectives on your chosen topic so that you can begin to formulate or strengthen your view about it. Based on information gathered from the library session as well as from class readings and discussions on critical thinking, you will summarise each source’s content and critically evaluate its relevance to your documented essay in no more than 150 words per source. NB. Only four sources are required for this activity. Each of the entries in this single-spaced document will consist of the following three sections: The publication details of the source in M.L.A or A.P.A. format. Paragraph 1 -a succinct summary of the main ideas and supporting points of the source, an explanation of the author’s purpose and a description of the intended audience Paragraph 2 – short discussion of the author’s credibility of the relevance of the source to your topic. 3. The Response Paper -20% The response paper requires students to summarise, explore and critically analyse a written text. This allows for the communication of the students’ perspective on the author’s ideas. 4. The Documented Essay-30% The research and writing processes in which you will engage as you prepare this assignment are outlined on the seminar schedule. Before writing your first draft, you will select a theme/topic that is relevant to your discipline; generate ideas on it; narrow it to a researchable theme/topic that can be reasonably explored in a 1000-word essay for a general academic audience; prepare a short proposal; research the topic and make relevant notes; write an annotated bibliography which evaluates your source materials and prepare your essay outline (with sources included). You are required to show evidence of at least four (4) scholarly/reputable/credible sources which must include at least one journal article and a book. Only one newspaper article (not news item) is allowed. 5. Collaborative Project/Group Presentation- 10% Students will work in groups to present research or analysis of a theme from their discipline. Works of art, songs, poetry, films and written text may be used. 6. Final Reflective Essay -20% Instructions will be given in seminar. FOUN 1012 SEMINAR SCHEDULE for SEMESTER I (2013-2014) LECTURES are given weekly on Wednesdays 12:00-1:00 and 5:00-6:00pm in N1. SEMINAR NUMBER LECTURE TOPICS CURRENT WEEK’S SEMINAR ACTIVITIES PREPARATION and ASSIGNMENTS for NEXT SEMINAR Sept..2 – 6 Critical Reading and Writing in the Humanities and You 1. Enrolment confirmation. 2. Discuss course aims and objectives, teaching structure, assignment and grading schedule, and special requirements for academic reading and writing. 3. Students and tutors share on literacy 4. Discussion of reflective essay Choose and attend a Library OPAC session. Visit the Foun1012 website at http://ourvle.mona.uwi.edu and Watch Shaped by Writing and E-literate (before Week 3). Browse the resources and download the course outline Read chapter 11 of Wadsworth and write a definition of the humanities. Sept 9-13 Researching for Academic Writing The Writing Process Submit the reflective essay. 1.Discussion of features of writing in the humanities 2. Discussion of The Right to Write 3. Brainstorming of documented essay topics and explanation of the proposal ESSAY TOPICS/THEMES: a. Enslavement b. Language and Culture c. Media and Professionalism d. Technology and the Arts Read chapter one of Wadsworth. Revise the reflective essay after feedback and upload to Turnitin. Record the similarity index. Peruse samples of the proposal on OurVLE. Write and submit proposal. Guide questions for your proposal: 1. What are my broad and narrowed topics? 2. How is my narrowed topic related to a sub-discipline in the humanities? 3. What do I already know about this topic? 4. What am I interested in finding out OR sharing with a general academic audience about this narrowed topic? 5. How will I go about gathering additional data on this topic? Sept. 16 – 20 [Deadline for all students to register with TURNITIN.] Communicating in the Academy- Rhetorical Contexts Submit the proposal at the beginning of seminar and collect at the end. [Go to the Main Library for your seminar.] 1. Practise locating information from a variety of sources. 2. Discuss shaping your writing and evaluating sources 3. Visit this website and attempt the multiple choice activity on evaluating sources: http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/infocomp/modules/05_evaluate/index.html. 4. Browse this website for tips on critical thinking: www.library.cornell.edu/olinuris/ref/webcrit.html Visit the â€Å"Foun1012 website at http://ourvle.mona.uwi.edu read and download Critical Reading 1. Manage YOUR Sources: Locate TWO source materials for your Documented Essay- a journal article and book chapter. In addition to taking notes on NOTE CARDS, summarise each source material in a few sentences and record the publication details. Sept. 23 – 27 [Deadline for students with special English language needs to start self-help exercises in the â€Å"Grammar & Mechanics† folder on OurVLE or in the recommended texts.] Critical Thinking and Reading 1. Introduction to Rhetorical analysis- Critical Reading 1 2. Summary writing Elect a class representative Annotate one of your sources and consult your tutor for feedback. Ensure that you have uploaded your reflective Essay to Turnitin. Peruse the model (sentence) outlines on Ourvle, and chapter 2 of Bazerman: The Informed Writer. Sept. 30-Oct.4 Language and Communication 1 1. Summary Writing contd. 2. Writing Workshop: a. Thesis statements and the Introduction b. Writing the formal Outline Read chapter 6 of Wadsworth and prepare your formal outline and your annotated bibliography for submission at the beginning of next week’s seminar. Upload it as a single file to Turnitin. Reminder: All hard copies of the assignment are to be submitted within the first 20 minutes of the seminar Read and download Critical Reading 2 on OurVLE as directed. Oct. 7 – 11 Language and Communication 2 Submit your Outline and Annotated Bibliography along with your accountability statement and rubric. 1.Critical Analysis 2. Response Writing Prepare for the Mid semester exam. Oct. 14 – 18 Students should NOT change Documented Essay topics after this week. Ethics and Academic Writing Critical Analysis contd. a. Organising Principles b. Paragraph Development Mid Semester Exam- One sitting Manage YOUR Sources: Locate TWO more source materials for your Documented Essay In addition to taking notes on NOTE CARDS, summarise each source material in a few sentences and record the publication details. √ Give your tutor, in writing, your group presentation topic (see Week 11), thesis, names of group members and group leader’s name. Oct. 21 – 25 **October 21 is a public holiday. Please attend another seminar during this week if your class is on a Monday.] Working With Sources 1 Class discussion and presentations on The functions of language Caribbean language varieties Language and social status Type and upload your essay draft and references to Turnitin. Record the similarity index, read the report and complete your self -review. Revise the draft based on your self- review and Turnitin report. Bring the revised draft to the next seminar. Visit the OurVLE course website and download and read â€Å"Peer Critique Checklist† & â€Å"Peer Critique Model†. Bring the Peer Critique Checklist to the next seminar. Do not lose your documented essay draft and the accompanying materials! You will need them for final submission of the essay. Oct. 28 – Nov. 1 Working with Sources 2 Using the â€Å"Peer Critique Checklist† as your guide, participate in the IN-CLASS peer critiquing session by allowing TWO of your peers to read and discuss your essay. Afterwards, ONE of your peers will WRITE a critique of your essay draft. Attach the critique and your self- review to your essay draft. Continue revising your documented essay draft based on feedback from your peers and tutor. Bring a copy of your single-spaced revised essay to the next seminar. Nov. 4-8 Revising and Editing 1. Framing/ integration of sources 2. Corresponding reference entry/ies. 3. Style of writing Prepare to submit your double-spaced documented essay for grading (along with your first draft, self-review, peer comments, and accountability statement at the start of your seminar in Week 11 (30%). Reminder: All hard copies of the assignment are to be submitted within the first 20 minutes of the seminar in Week 11. Download â€Å"Group Presentation Guidelines† from the course website and bring it to the next seminar. Nov. 11-15 [Tutors to reserve multimedia equipment for groups] Reflective Writing SUBMIT the hard copy of the final draft of your Documented Essay (30%) along with your draft, self-review, peer comments and accountability statement. Planning for Collaborative Project/ Group Presentations & Performances. Visit the OurVLE course website and read text on reflective writing to prepare for writing the final reflection. Topic for Collaborative Project : Issues in your Discipline Caribbean Realities Nov. 18 – 22 Oral Presentations Discussion on Reflective writing Drafting the Final Reflection Prepare to give the script for your group’s presentation and your assessment of your group members to your tutor at the start of the seminar. All presenters are to be in place within the first 10 minutes of the seminar. Revise your Reflection for submission next class. Upload To Turnitin. Nov. 25 – 29 No LECTURE Collaborative Project/Group Presentations & Performances (10%) Give the script for your group’s presentation and your assessment of your group members to your tutor at the start of the seminar. Submit your Final Reflection and accountability statement. END OF COURSE

British Influence in American Culture

To this day, the influence of early British colonists can be felt in multiple facets of American life. This is far more than can be said for the limited authority manifested in present day American culture in regard for Spanish colonialism and subsequent influence. Perhaps the most glaring of influences credited to the country of Great Britain, is the fact that the English language remains the official form of communication throughout the whole of the country.Although Spanish is spoken extensively, currently with nearly 31 million speakers in the United States, this only accounts for approximately ten per cent of the population, whereas English accounts for nearly a full hundred per cent. Further support for the claim comes in the form of the country’s religious practices. Although the presence of a myriad of religions is a reality in America, by and large, Protestantism has been the focal point for many of its citizens, a direct result of British Anglicanism.Of all the religi ous bodies which were brought from the Old World to the New during the entire colonial period, none received so much assistance from the mother country in gaining a foothold in America as did the Church of England . Additionally, it is possible to look to the architecture of most American homes to establish the root influence responsible for them. Although more popular in the American southwest than in other regions, the so-called Spanish style can only account for roughly 7 per cent of designs.The Tudor style, of British origins is far more popular in the U. S. Bibliography. Religion in Colonial America, William Warren Sweet. Cooper Square Publishers, 1965, NY. Colonial America, Richard Middleton. Blackwell Publishers, 1996, Cambridge, Masachusetts. American Colonies and the British Empire 1607-1763, Kenneth M. Stampp. Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1834, NY. American Colonies, Alan Taylor. Viking Publishers, 2001, NY. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. HTTP://www. wikipedia. org

Auditing Theory and Risk Assessment †Free Samples for Students

Discuss About the Auditing Theory and Risk Assessment? Auditing has remained an indispensable practice in the corporate sector and other areas dealing with huge assessment of economics. The corporation’s capability to assess its development relies exclusively on auditing undertake within the company (Knechel et al. 2012). A great proportion of the operation within economic sector extremely depend on the auditing nature, consequently, numerous theories have since been advanced to help in the elimination of countless risks alongside crisis in auditing (Là ³pez and Peters 2012). Such approaches have been considered by global framework of financial reporting organization like GAAP alongside IFRS for guiding practices of auditing. Various policies have further been advanced to back auditors in making corrections on the risks that might face them throughout auditing (Humphrey and Miller 2012).    The feature of auditing alongside commitment of team of auditing guarantees the achievement of an establishment in the industry as well as global market. In the latest past, models such as going concern have been established. Implementing alongside practicing these specified matters stay within the auditors’ hands alongside the company management board (Herda and Lavelle 2014). The scope of this discussion stretches from the investigation of the application of such present issues in a Company called One.Tel in Australia. This company has run its operations in telecommunication industry beginning 1995, May following its launch in Sydney. This discussion additionally deliberates inherent risk in the One.Tel firm financial reports along with ongoing concern issue (Iwu and Xesha 2011). Inherent risk is among the audit risks under risks assessment management. Audit risk includes three classes of risks: inherent-, control- and detection risk.   Audit risk is regarded as the aftermath of the 3 risks exposed overhead. It might be met throughout auditing performance that in this context is One.Tel Telecommunication Company. Inherent risk is, consequently, a constituent of audit that is occasioned by substantial misstatement inside financial statement. Inaccuracy happens in a business’s audit statement because of embezzle application of essential measures of control (Chung et al. 2012). Inherent risks ascend typically as a result the omissions errors when balancing the books of the business. In One.Tel Company’s case, inherent risks might have ascended because of failures alongside control measures poor application.   The incidence of letdowns because of inherent risks might be due to oversight alongside deceitful practices. An upsurge in inherent risks happens as a result of certain factors inside the internal environment of the corporate. Factors which affect inherent risk at the financial report levelAuthenticity of management The rise in inherent risks in this Company could be due to the board of the Directorate incompetency. The management of the organization is comprised of nine memberships having dissimilar powers alongside privileges. The board is encompassed of 5 none-executive memberships making up the mainstream of the board memberships. Additional 4 executive memberships having a jam-packed mandate to all in the company (Coetsee 2010). The degree at which inherent risk is swelling in this company is extraordinary based on to the availed statement. The memberships are indebted to various duties including authorization of business and monetary strategies, recognizing and addressing issues of important facing One.Tel as a business, appraising as well as monitoring processes of management and reporting contrivances, overseeing financial performance alongside nomination of the executive management team. The business has full-grown to an edge whereby the management can never meet entire responsibilities. The directors are increasingly probable to hide their unfortunate statuses, consequently, dwindling to yield expressive statements throughout auditing resulting in a rise in the inherent risk as result of meager management (Iwu and Xesha 2011). The ineffectiveness in company management besides lack of knowledge escalates unsuitable financial report preparation leading to the rise in the inherent risk. When the auditor notices regular staff turnover in essential management positions, the inherent risk increases since truthful characters are probable to resign their management positions instead of propagating certain fraud. This frequently happens where the corporation expands swiftly as replicated in the circumstance of One.Tel Company (Herda and Lavelle 2012). There could be stimuluses for management to misrepresent the financial report snowballing the inherent risk. The incentives in can be moreover from the internal environment or the external environment (Kerler and Brandon 2010). The inducements could be cash-flow challenges, poor rationing of liquidity, unfortunate operation outcomes because of management restraint alongside work overstress along with assembly of management recompense pay structures linked to share capital as well as earnings. This could result in upsurge in inherent risk because management could be persuaded to misrepresent operation along with financial statements to obtain particular bonus. Many issues have already been recognized in the corporate or industry whereby One.Tel Company trades.   The business has a multifaceted investment association, which is the aid to rise inherent risk. The availability of associated-party dealings like the business stockholders would likewise raise inherent risk as the operations are never with the autonomous regulating party (Al Nawaiseh and Jaber 2015). The business has capital share dealings which necessitate increased financial knowledge to audit because such operations remain complex. Telecommunication businesses have perhaps compensations till they inaugurate a standing, alongside a dependable source of income shall be inherent risky. Telecommunication industry is faced with a challenge that needs the businesses in the industry to apply mechanism for controls to be steady and stay pertinent in this industry. New-fangled economies culminate high inherent risk compared steady economies. Differences in commercial as well as competitive surroundings would be expected to have a noteworthy impact on inherent risk of the company such as One.Tel in the telecommunication sector. Aspects like disparity in income and development in certain service providers of telecommunication could lead to an increase in inherent risk throughout financial statement arrangements. Through risk assessing phase the business audit team goes via the risks recognized comparable to the inherent risk discussed overhead. The auditor assesses the factors of the risks by fair evaluation (Martin 2013). Risks evaluation fallouts into two kinds of risks that in this circumstance is the inherent risk. The risk identified is a constituent of financial statement’s material misstatement inspired by numerous factors.   Factors linked to fraud could be recognized throughout development process of strategy while such factors that upsurge inherent risk owing to fraud recognizable through the AU s.316. In the circumstance in which account books necessitate vicissitudes, the inherent risk can remain high due to numerous errors brought onward. The oversight could happen resulting in a rise in the inherent risk where the accounts books are being attuned (Francis 2011). In case the transaction throughout a financial year is complex, it is probable that there shall be an upsurge in inherent risk. In contemplation of One.Tel Company, the accounts books designates multifaceted kinds of dealings like stockholder's inequality, dividend   and reserves could be challenging to comprehend culminating in extraordinary inherent risk at the level of accounting (Herda and Lavelle 2012). The type of judgment fronted by the auditor throughout the course of auditors balancing is probable to effect inherent risk. If the account report on a particular deal could be persuaded by certain factors inside the business (Reichelt and Wang 2010). Such judgments could be dictated by the kind of operation alongside the pressure on management. The company’s assets susceptibility to embezzlements or loss leads to augmented inherent risk level of accounting. Throughout the entries of transaction, it is obvious that modest embezzlement of an asset lead to augmented inherent risk. For example, taking asset misplacement to liability could result in surged inherent risk (Herd and Lavelle 2014). The noteworthy transactions occurrence throughout the financial year has a conceivable upsurge in the inherent risk (Skinner and Srinivasan 2012). Where an unacquainted transaction takes place specifically towards the end of financial year, there are tall probabilities of blunders accounts books. Such dissimilar processes could be a trial to the auditor alongside accountants. It could lead to huge inherent risk (Coetsee 2010). Where a particular transaction is thought-provoking, the auditors might end up wrongly placing items accounts books, therefore, upsurge inherent risk. The rate of an increase in the inherent risk is high at the accounting level when we make transactions which require unfamiliar processing. In the event of such case the auditor of a business entity like One.Tel Telecommunication Company may make mistakes leading to an increase in inherent risk (Knechel et al. 2012). The reporting framework of GAAP obligates the management to effect a hurried decision on the basis of going concern issue (Knechel et al. 2012). This concept builds on the assessment by the auditor whether low, high or medium in association to inherent risk alongside control risk (Francis 2011). The risk detection throughout the evaluation is pegged at the lowermost level to fix the audit risk at a rate endorsed. Slightest discovery of risk could be attained via enhancement of scope test (Knechel et al. 2012). It is obvious from the above discussion that a going concern might be either high, low or medium depending on the above three kinds of risks (Knechel et al. 2012). The going concern issue in relative to One.Tel’s case could be attributable to high. Inherent in financial statement of One.Tel is considered high because it operates under extremely controlled industry.   The One.Tel’s going concern in this situation, is regarded high (Chang, Dasgupta and Hilar 2009). Supplementary factors like detective alongside control risk appear high based on the of the business entity’s nature.    It remains apparent that the going concern rate be contingent increasingly on the type of risks presented in financial statement. In case of stumpy audit risk, the going concern nature remains stumpy while when the kinds of the risk is high or medium, it is either high or low. Irrespective of the correctness of such an assumption, it remain quite challenging to regulate the subsequent scenarios which could culminate in the unceasing going concern application (Knechel et al. 2012). The going concern nature in in One.Tel business depended on the stipulated financial framework application. The going concern nature must be correctly assessed (medium, high or low) as replicated in audit risk viewpoint. Additional variables including period of audit, auditor’s opinion, environment of business, alongside team of management further dictate the consideration of going concern (Al Nawaiseh and Jaber 2015). To sum up, it remains self-evident that maximum control risk issues might have been identified by the auditors. Nevertheless, the auditors did not report precisely as a result of external alongside internal pressures. A greater proportion of Australian auditors perceive furthermost risk aspects control of One.Tel as a thought-provoking task because of absence of independence of auditors (Al Nawaiseh and Jaber 2015). Factors of inherent risk could be monitored for timely management where control factors are availed. Assessment assumption of audit speaks to inherent, control as well as detective risk matters. One.Tel’s case discloses that auditors remain probable to address inherent risk throughout risk assessment because of restricted directors’ numbers (Chang, Dasgupta and Hilary 2009). Al Nawaiseh, M.A.L. and Jaber, J., 2015. Auditing subsequent events from the perspective of auditors: study from Jordan. International Journal of Financial Research, 6(3), p.p78. Chang, X., Dasgupta, S. and Hilary, G., 2009. The effect of auditor quality on financing decisions. The Accounting Review, 84(4), pp.1085-1117. Chung, J.O., Cullinan, C.P., Frank, M., Long, J.H., Mueller-Phillips, J. and O'Reilly, D.M., 2012. The auditor's approach to subsequent events: Insights from the academic literature. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 32(sp1), pp.167-207. Coetsee, D., 2010. A critical review of the effect of accounting for financial instruments on the accounting framework. Southern African Business Review, 10(1), pp.115-129. Coetsee, D., 2010. The role of accounting theory in the development of accounting principles. Meditari Accountancy Research, 18(1), pp.1-16. Francis, J.R., 2011. A framework for understanding and researching audit quality. Auditing: A journal of practice & theory, 30(2), pp.125-152. Herda, D.N. and Lavelle, J.J., 2012. Auditor commitment to privately held clients and its effect on value-added audit service. Auditing: A journal of practice & theory, 32(1), pp.113-137. Herda, D.N. and Lavelle, J.J., 2014. Auditing Subsequent Events: Perspectives from the Field. Current Issues in Auditing, 8(2), pp.A10-A24. Humphrey, C. and Miller, P., 2012. Rethinking impact and redefining responsibility: The parameters and coordinates of accounting and public management reforms. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 25(2), pp.295-327. Iwu, C.G. and Xesha, D., 2011. Used Bookstore as a Vehicle for Improved Learning and Development: The Case of a South Africans Tertiary Institution. Janvrin, D.J. and Jeffrey, C.G., 2007. An investigation of auditor perceptions about subsequent events and factors that influence this audit task. Accounting Horizons, 21(3), pp.295-312. Kerler, W.A. and Brandon, D.M., 2010. The effects of trust, client importance, and goal commitment on auditors' acceptance of client-preferred methods. Advances in Accounting, 26(2), pp.246-258. Knechel, W.R., Krishnan, G.V., Pevzner, M., Shefchik, L.B. and Velury, U.K., 2012. Audit quality: Insights from the academic literature. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 32(sp1), pp.385-421. Là ³pez, D.M. and Peters, G.F., 2012. The effect of workload compression on audit quality. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 31(4), pp.139-165. Martin, R.D., 2013. Audit quality indicators: Audit practice meets audit research. Current issues in auditing, 7(2), pp.A17-A23. Reichelt, K.J. and Wang, D., 2010. National and office?specific measures of auditor industry expertise and effects on audit quality. Journal of Accounting Research, 48(3), pp.647-686. Skinner, D. J. and Srinivasan, S. 2012. Audit quality and auditor reputation: Evidence from Japan. The Accounting Review, 87(5), 1737-1765. Thompson, T.R., 1960. Problems of Auditing Computing Data: Internal Audit Practice and External Audit Theory Section 1: Internal Audit. The Computer Journal, 3(1), pp.10-11. Unegbu, A.O., 2014. Theories of Accounting: Evolution & Developments, Income-Determination and Diversities in Use. arXiv preprint arXiv:1411.4633.

The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, by Steven Covey Essay

The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, by Steven Covey - Essay Example Unlike the former ethics, character ethics guarantees long term success that is able to withstand further pressure from the world. Essentially, this chapter presents that life-long success begins by first working on the â€Å"inside† part of self which include one’s paradigms, character and motives. The inside-out approach submits that private victories come before public victories, and that making and accomplishing promises to oneself precedes making and accomplishing promises to others. Also, the chapter asserts that perception of the world is based on how one conditions themselves to see it. In order to illustrate this, Covey uses a popular optical illusion that can be interpreted as either a beautiful young lady or an old and ugly woman. Using the case of Harvard Business School where half of the participants were set to see the young lady and the other half were set to see the old woman, Covey insists that people act basing on how they see the world rather than how the world actually is. This illustration simply adds weight to inside out approach to life where change begins by changing oneself rather than the world or

Hazardous waste sites Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Hazardous waste sites - Assignment Example The paper will provide an in-depth analysis of the background of incidents at Ambler Asbestos Piles site, the extent of asbestos contamination, the number of people harmed by the asbestos-related diseases, the studies conducted at the site, and what the EPA cleanup project entailed. For a long time, asbestos has been a prevalent mineral in Ambler, and its impact on human health as well as on environmental nature has raised serious health alarms such as causing asbestosis and mesothelioma; the impact of these diseases causes decline in mortality rates. In order to protect human health and conserve the environment from pollution, the Environmental Protection Agency implemented a cleanup project in Ambler, Pennsylvania through systematic remedy actions to curb the asbestos menace at the Ambler Asbestos Piles site. Burke reports that Asbestos has accumulated at Ambler Asbestos Piles site, especially the Wissahickon Creek towards the end of the 19th century. The accumulation of asbestos was as a result of disposal of asbestos-contaminated wastes by Keasbey and Mattison Co. Later on, Nicolet Inc acquired a part of Keasbey and Mattison Co and continues using the dump site to dispose of asbestos products. The company dealt in manufacturing asbestos building materials, for example, millboard and insulating boilers. Burke asserts that the federal Environmental Protection Company gave orders to the Nicolet Company to stop disposing of the wastes on the site, but the orders had little impact. The Environmental Protection Company fined the Nicolet Company with a $1.4 million lien in expenses to conduct a cleanup program. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), mesothelioma related deaths due to asbestos in Pennsylvania were high between 1999 and 2010. Asbestos.com report that there were 1996 reported deaths due to

Discussion questions 1-6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion questions 1-6 - Assignment Example They both involve finding the minimum or maximum in a set of unfamiliar real variables. A good example is how petroleum products are usually transported, that is transportation from production point to the end user involves a wide range of modes of transport which include tank ships, rail tankers and pipelines. Each mode of transport here has disadvantages but are nonetheless each used in the transportation of petroleum products from the source to the end user. I do agree with Dustin in that a vector is a collection of data of the same type. Vectors help in that the minimize repetition and coding if there is a wide range of data of the same type. Vectors are good I that; they remove or add elements; it access character elements by their location indices and they iterate elements through any order. Vectors perform almost the same way as arrays but also give room for expanding. However they take up more memory space than arrays. This is to allow for future growth. This is also true. A vector is indeed a compilation of data of the same type. However, vectors are also implemented as dynamic arrays meaning that their elements can also be accessed using offsets pointers to the elements. Generally, vectors are generally the fastest when it comes to adding, removing and accessing elements from the end sequence. However, in some situations they don’t perform well. These situations include when removing and adding elements in other positions other than the sequence end This is true, an array should also be declared before being implemented. You should feed the compiler what type of array being defined. Arrays take up less space than vectors hence limiting their efficiency. However, arrays are best used when the data is minimal and when removing and adding elements that are not at the end of the sequence. This is true. Arrays are referred to low level abstraction because they cannot be defined and the code

Employee engagement in Marks and Spencer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee engagement in Marks and Spencer - Essay Example The paper tells that the structure and the elements of organizational policies depend primarily on the needs of each organization. At the next level, the potential of an organization to respond to the demands of a particular plan needs to be carefully measured in advance, i.e. before implementing the initial phase of the plan. On the other hand, the response of employees to organizational changes cannot be precisely estimated in advance. This problem has been critical in the context of modern organizations; indeed, employee resistance to change is among the key problems of businesses in all industries. In practice it has been proved that when employees are urged to participate in organizational plans, their resistance to the changes initiated is limited. In this context, the use of various strategies for promoting employee participation can be characterized as unavoidable. Employee engagement is a concept reflecting the promotion of employee participation in critical organizational a ctivities. Employee engagement has been described as ‘an individual’s sense of purpose and focused energy, evident to others in the display of personal initiative, adaptability, effort and persistence directed towards organizational goals’. In accordance with another definition, employee engagement should be considered as ‘a work – related state of mind that is characterized by vigor, dedication and absorption’. From another point of view, employee engagement has been characterized as the view that each employee has in regard to his work experience. (Finney 2008, p.204) The role of employee engagement in modern organizations is examined in this paper. Reference is made to the employee engagement policies of Marks and Spencer, a well-known British firm. The efforts of the firm to promote employee engagement across its departments are evaluated using the literature developed in the particular field. 2. Marks and Spencer Overview Marks and Spence r is a major competitor in the global retail industry. The firm’s employees are estimated to 78,000, referring to the firm’s stores in UK and worldwide (Marks and Spencer, About us, 2012). The organization is quite expanded in UK, with a network of about 700 stores, but also internationally (Marks and Spencer, About us, 2012). The firm operates in the food sector, with a percentage of 51%, while the activities of the organization in the clothing and homeware represent the 49% of the firm’s sales (Marks and Spencer, About us, 2012). The organization has been in the British market for quite a long period of time, being established in 1901 in Derby (Marks and Spencer, History 2012). Through the decades the growth of the organization has been impressive, as proved through its current position in the international market. 3. Employee engagement in Marks and Spencer - Plan A Employee Engagement scheme 3.1 Key aspects of employee engagement in Marks and Spencer  œ Presentation and analysis of Plan A Employee Engagement scheme Employee engagement in Marks and Spencer is promoted through a scheme known as Plan A. The specific scheme was introduced in 2007 and is based on 100 targets, which need to have been achieved within 5 years, meaning the period from 2010 up to 2015. The particular plan aims to increase the firm’s competitiveness by promoting the cooperation among employees in regard to the improvement of the firm’s performance in the following sectors: ‘Raw materials, ethical trading, climate change, health, and waste management’ (Marks and Spencer, Plan A, 2012). The above sectors are characterized as the ‘pillars’ (Marks and Spencer Plan A, 2012) on which the firm should focus in order to face all challenges related to the retailing industry. Up today, the performance of the firm’s specific initiative can be characterized as quite important, a view verified by the following fact: In the 6 th

History of slavery Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of slavery - Research Paper Example One cannot ignore the fact that if the South did not declare succession, Lincoln would have not declared war in the south. James McPherson, an expert in this subject, and the author of The Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era insists, â€Å" In July 1861, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution, by a nearly unanimous vote, that affirmed that the North was not waging the war to overthrow slavery but to preserve the Union.† (McPherson 66). Clearly, the focal point of the war was to keep the unity of nation for the sake of peace and security. The events that lead to civil war was the Mexican war, the dependence of the North on the South, the slavery issue, and the Dred Scott decision. Post Mexican War, America was segmented into many territories. This posed a problem as both the North and the South had to manage the issue of slavery. A Band-Aid issue was delivers as Congress passed the Compromise of 1850 which California became a free state. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 also did facilitate the cause as the South despised this form their Northern Counterparts (Jordan 36). From the South’s perspective, it is clear that that nation was interested in its own political and economic pursuits. Clearly, the soldiers understood that the North had little or no interest in South’s domestic affairs. Slavery was vital towards the success of South’s economy. The failure for the North to acknowledge the idea motivated the Southern soldiers to pursue their own version of the â€Å"American Dream.† The major political and economic interests between North and South continued to reflect the justification for separation for the Southern soldiers. In midst of this chaos, states such as: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had already declared to be seceded soon after during 1855 (Stanchak 26). After this, the major cause that triggered civil war according to historians was also because of Dred Scott

Georgia Recreation and Park Association Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Georgia Recreation and Park Association - Essay Example These members are drawn from public enterprises, private businesses, academia, etc. Not only do they strive to provide recreation opportunities but also participate in fundraising and technical assistance activities.Bill McNair is the President of GRPA. The Presidentship is shared by Danny Jones and James Dodson. Other prominent members of the top brass include Michael Coleman, Jimmy Gisi, and Steve Card. They are supported by a group of trustees and District Commissioners, who in turn administer other local representatives.The members and Board of Trustees make a combined effort to fulfill GRPA's fundamental purpose, which is "promoting healthy lifestyles through the utilization of park facilities and recreation services for the well being of each citizen individually and the community as a whole, ensuring that park and recreation services are available, and providing organized, supervised activity as a means of prevention for a number of circumstances (disease, stress, etc.) includ ing the prevention of juvenile delinquency." Another function of GRPA is to lobby in Congress to pass new legislation that recognizes the therapeutic value of recreation.   The lobby also interacts with policymakers to allow substantial budgets to support recreation programs and services.   They also work with other non-profits within the state to "continue and/or initiate recreation programs and functions with health and wellness objectives and positive outcomes".   The GRPA also coordinates with the National Recreation and Park Association and lends a helping hand by sponsoring "special events which demonstrate or reinforce recreation, health and wellness relationships."

Pick a controversial topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pick a controversial topic - Essay Example However many of these criminals are violent and have committed depraved murders without regard to their victims and their families. In these instances the death penalty may be an appropriate punishment. According to the Amnesty International website â€Å"The death penalty is the ultimate denial of human rights. It is the premeditated and cold-blooded killing of a human being by the state.† (â€Å"Abolish the Death Penalty†) The site claims that in 2011 there was an international movement toward abolishing the death penalty completely. It also has indicated aside from the United States only 20 regularly imposed the death penalty in murder cases. There are several articles found on the site which describe their efforts to ban the death penalty. For example in the article â€Å"Iran must halt executions amid fears of new wave of death penalties† it stated that Amnesty International asked Iranian authorities to put a stop to upcoming executions because many other Iranian prisoners may be at risk for execution pertaining to drug crimes without a fair trial. Amnesty International is calling for a stop to these executions until allegations of torture and other illega l practices perpetrated by Iranian authorities can be investigated. In a 2007 Washington Post article author Martin O’Malley discusses his reasons for believing that the death penalty should be abolished in his home state of Maryland. He indicates that it is not the most effective punishment for murder and does not necessarily discourage other people from committing murders. He cites the example of a case of a Maryland man who randomly shot and killed three teens. This person expressed no remorse and stated that he would do it again if he could. (O’Malley) He was eventually executed. However O’ Malley questioned whether or not the execution was appropriate retribution for the murders since the killer welcomed execution. O’ Malley also cites an example of another man who was

The Africa National Congress (ANC) Essay Example for Free

The Africa National Congress (ANC) Essay The Africa National Congress (ANC) was the first party in South Africa to win under democratic elections. One of the major reasons of its resounding victory in 1994 was its promises to improve the living standards of majority to almost 85% of total population. From many problems which were facing South Africa, when combined formed a package of strategy known as Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) macro-economic strategy. The strategy was introduced in June 1996. Even though there has been achievement in some areas, from its overall goals it is a failure. Indeed, most of the Black South Africans are now worse off materially than they used to be during Apartheid. In additions, there has been vanishing of hundreds of thousand jobs and increase in the cost of basics such as food, water, and rents. Only minority are better than they used to be during apartheid. Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR)                  From different ideologies, not all failures are of its own doing .There is also claim that much of ANC failure are associated with its founders from South National Convectional party. However, this was not enough for â€Å"justification,† many of critics arouse from the ANC governance as the government of South Africa. Despite many oppositions and critics, once in power ANC government came up with tight monetary policy and orthodox Macroeconomic policy with the aim of deficit reduction all combined with trade liberalization. All these combined, they had a major purpose of facilitating growth, Employment and redistribution programme, the package known as GEAR. The target of GEAR, introduced in 1996, was to accelerate the economic growth with rate of about 4.3% programmed for 1996-2000.Towards mid-term of the programme; the GEAR achievements were below its target. According to Ludman (2004) this failure can be because of excessive rise in interest ra te and fiscal contradiction, this is opposed to the idea of W. J. (2003) that it was because of unfavorable external factors. Following five years of GEAR functioning towards the target of average 4.2 percent growth rate for 1996-2000, South Africa Ministry of Finance announced the carried out the analysis of the budget. Following the budget, it was determined that GDP had expanded at by 2.3% over the past two years, since ANC had took over in power. Moreover, from the budget it was determined that, GEAR, having functioned for two years after the end of the regime whose policies on economic growth sought to accrue the economic benefits to minority white men had marked little growth in equal distribution of resources. Although may differ with the observation perhaps because the growth with a slight improvement, there is need to consent that it was different with that of last decades of apartheid. Looking back from 1980 through 1993, perhaps would give us insight in judging the achievements or failures of ANC. During this period, there were major problems in South Africa economy. Only four years of this period that the gross domestic product (GDP) raised .Moreover, only the year 1984 that marked slight improvement in annual average decline of (GDP) by one percent. This was associated with many problems in the mid-1990s. South Africa had become a largely demanding society. For instance, the industries were greatly affected poor agriculture from the conversation of peasant agriculture and migrant workers .From the destruction of peasant agriculture, many problems arouse such as permanent unemployment and poverty. These problems were more among the black Americans as compared to â€Å"White.† It was devastation that about 65% of the total population lived under poverty .Thuynsma (2012) also explains that there was a huge disparity between unemployment rises in South Africa as compared to the rest places in Sub Saharan Africa, where peasant agriculture is believed to be strong. The most striking problem was unemployment among the youths in South Africa. Comparing it with that in sub-Saharan Africa with about 11.9% and North Africa with 23.7%,it was a huge difference South Africa with whopping 48.1% cases of unemployment of all young people ranging between (15 – 24) of age .All this research was carried out by the South African Institute of Race Relations. From these problems, it necessitated prompt responses, some of them include, and increase of investment rate stimulates to modernize production and increase of economic growth rate. From above definitions, the government, through GEAR policies aimed to bring about equality in the distribution of income, increased wage employment, better wages for those in employment and greater equality in the wealth, however there was no achievement. In fact, the economy of South Africa dropped by 5% and it was from this that ANC set broad framework .The primary goals of ANC since 1994 were therefore clear; to come up with new government’s social and economic policies. The first goal being economic growth little achieved during 1993-1995 with slight improvement of one percent as compared to negative rate of the previous years but below the population growth. During the period between 1994 and 1995, per- income did not fall; towards the end of 1995, there was per capita income increase outside the margin of statistical error. The ANC’s political misfortunes                  Looking at ANC’s misfortunes it would be necessary we look back to its founding to get a clear picture. Many at times ANC associate it is failures with 1908-1909 founders for they could not invite the representatives of ANC to convectional meetings or used to delay the negotiations whenever called upon. However, ANC is altogether accountable for crating the bad lack and its founders are not the first bad omen as they claim. According to Ludman (2004) perhaps Nelson Mandela was right when said, â€Å"Prepare for armed struggle immediately after the end 1952 Defiance Campaign.† In fact, if ANC representatives followed the advice, it would have won earlier because of its adversary (National Party) was not well prepared to withstand much of struggles and other form of resistance. The result of the party not heeding to the advice had far reaching consequences, by the time NP could consent to have conversation with ANC ,they were negotiating from the point of ANC weaknesses .Further, they continued to undermine ANC performance in their efforts to transform South Africa.According to Bond (2003), it is also failure of ANC to have negotiation settlement in 1993 that lead to 1994 elections. It would have been better if this conversation had happened in 1909 when both Africa nationalists and Afrikaner had been brought together by British, with the aim to rule South Africa nation together. Later the British conclude that, it would be better if the mining interests of South Africa were protected through policy of divide and rule, which GEAR strategies failed. Political elite                  By the time National parties in South Africa had reached the agreement in sharing of powers ,South Africa Society had already gone transformation .This time both economic influence and political power had decreased ,economic muscle had also a minimal power. This marked the inability of ANC to bring about transformation in South Africa in making it equitable society and more dynamic. The 1994 settlement, created a political elite that was seen to control the state but not the economy. The previous elite, which used control both economy and the political power, was seen to lose grip in political power though it retained control of the economy. This was seen as the mix up because, those in control of the economy would live in fear of being overtaxed or having their assets seized by the elite that controls the political power. In fact, the case in South Africa, through black economic process empowerment, usually compels the company owners to give some percentage of their assets to the political elite. The major benefit by the black political elite in the year 1994 was to have access of revenues from the government and distribute among themselves through corruption by giving high salaries. They were also seen to engage in redistribution of wealth, through free government services and social grants .Despite of inability to control the Nation productive resources, the ANC can be said to be far much lucky. Having came from industrialized Asia, the ANC government was able to achieve what we can call slight pain in wealth redistribution .Immense increase sale of minerals in Far East was also marked as one of ANC success. Conclusion                  In conclusion, there are only few signs of achievement of ANC in South Africa since it’s victory in 1994. According to Nell Van (2003), even some that remained are reaching dead end. Although there is sense from above in ANC making great efforts to improve the society, only few progress can be marked through closer examination of progress based from employment by the government ,rise in wage of civil servants ,growth in credit and replacement of Afrikaners in the South Africa though emerging of middle class black Africans. The weakness of the strategies used by ANC is that they are not based from windfall of profit from industrialization. Instead, they are accompanied with shrinkage of the employment in South Africa productive sectors .Therefore, looking at the ANC governments Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) macro-economic strategies, is a failure as compared to the unchanged conditions in South Africa. In fact, is a slight success it its goals has been achieved .As a result ANC’s luck is running out even from the protests from the service that have been happening some few years ago. References Bond, P. (2003).  Against global apartheid: South Africa meets the World Bank, IMF, and international finance. Lansdowne, South Africa: University of Cape Town Press. Ludman, B., In Stober, P. (2004).  The Mail and Guardian A-Z of South African Politics: The essential handbook. Johannesburg: Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd. Nell, P., Van, . W. J. (2003).  Democratizing foreign policy?: Lessons from South Africa. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Thuynsma, H. A. (2012).  Public opinion and interest group politics: South Africas missing links. Pretoria, South Africa: Africa Institute of South Africa. Source document

Koalas Essay Example for Free

Koalas Essay Obamacare, or what is formally known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, is federal legislation that was signed into law on March 23, 2010 by present Barak Obama. The act aims to reform national healthcare and give more people than before access to affordable healthcare. The overall goal of the act is to cover all persons regardless of their conditions or other factors. The passing of Obamacare has led to much conflict in the government and throughout the nation. In particular, recently the act has been the root of heated disagreements and government unrest among the Democrats and Republicans. Obamacare, or the concept of a nation or statewide healthcare program, is not the first of its kind. The idea dates as far back as 1989 when it was proposed to Congress. Bill and Hillary Clinton had a similar objective in the 1990’s and Mitt Romney made similar reforms in 2006 while the governor of Massachusetts. The Clinton’s health care plan was similar to Obama’s in that they were national campaigns to provide universal healthcare. Also similar was the amount of controversy both drew up in the House as well as with the American people. The newly imposed ACA has many areas in which it aims to help those who cannot afford healthcare as well as better the healthcare system in the country as a whole. The main point of Obamacare is guaranteed issue of healthcare to all people and prohibits the denial of healthcare based on prior conditions. One benefit of Obamacare is allowing children to stay on their parents’ healthcare plan until age 26. Along with guaranteed coverage, Obamacare will institute an exchange so individuals can compare prices of private insurances and purchase insurance. It is estimated that over 15 million men and women will be eligible for purchase of healthcare. Families that fall within a certain distance to the poverty line will be compensated for choosing a policy using this exchange. This is an incentive for people to utilize this plan and purchase healthcare. On the business side of things, Obamacare also pushes towards the nationalizing of healthcare. There are penalties for businesses who employ over 5o employees and do not provide healthcare. Overall there are several efforts made in many areas of the country to push for healthcare for everyone in the United States. There are many areas in which families and individuals can benefit from the Affordable Care Act. According to ObamacareFacts, Americans making less than $45,960 or families making under $94,200 are eligible for free or low-cost insurance. Also, as a result of  Obamacare 24 million people will be exempt from the Individual Mandate which requires the purchase of health insurance. It is noted that anyone who feels they cannot afford healthcare will be covered under Obamacare and granted low-cost or free insurance. Dating back to 2008 the Democrats and Republicans had been on different sides of the national healthcare debate. The senate was close to passing the bill to reform healthcare in 2009. The Democrats needed 60 votes to pass, but due to a series of events leading to some members not supporting the bill or not voting, the act was not passed. After further delegation, what previously was a disagreement of terms and conditions had Republicans and Democrats in stark opposition to one another. All Democrats were strong supports of the bill and Republicans adamantly opposed. Now, it is clear the side the Democrats take on the Affordable Care Act. The real question is, why do Republicans oppose what appears to be such a proactive and achievable goal? The topic is an intriguing one, and one that does not have one definite answer. The Republicans themselves say nothing more than that Obamacare will destroy the country. Such a powerful accusation yet no real explanation or further comments lead only to more questions than answers on their true position. There are arguments that say the ACA is detrimental to the economy, and that businesses cannot afford to spend any more money on healthcare. Another claim was that Obamacare was unconstitutional, although the Supreme Court overruled this idea. Sources outside the Republican Party see the Republicans’ dislike of Obamacare solely because they dislike Obama himself. They appear to be against Obamacare simply just to be again st Obama. Another theory is the tax increases that would come along with Obamacare. One New York Times article highlights the â€Å"real reason† as to why Republicans are opposed to the Affordable Care Act. Eduardo Porter claims that Republicans are actually afraid that the American people will like Obamacare. They do not want the US population to realize that it will not actually destroy the economy and it can actually improve the lives of many people, many Republicans to be more specific. They are fearful of the positive impacts it could have on supporters of the Republican Party. One common problem many Americans admit to having with Obamacare. The nickname Obamacare is a point many people cannot get past, and when asked if they support it or not many say they do not. But the overwhelming majority of Americans agree with the actual terms  of the ACA and the steps it takes to better healthcare in the US. It could be that the simple concept of a nickname could be the main problem people have with an overall positive proposal. Although Obamacare itself has been spread out to institute new laws and regulations over the next 5-10 years, the effects of some of the early plans have already been present. ACA has already impacted the number of insured Americans and that amount is expected to continue to rise. Another change that has already been made is regarding dropping policy holders. No longer are insurance firms allowed to drop policy holders due to sickness or injury. Perhaps the most noticed and controversial part to date is the increase in healthcare costs and its effects on the national budget. The national debt limit has been a very sensitive topic and the affect Obamacare will have on it is not helping the problem. It needs to be determine the lengths necessary to go in order to make healthcare nationally available yet not impact the national debt in a way as to cause economic unrest. With a plan that has stirred up so much unrest in its early days, the future does not bode well for Obamacare. Johnathan Oberlander of the New England Journal of Medicine argues that many of the problems that the Affordable care act faces today will not be present once the act is more establis hed in several years. Once the disagreements on the actual passing of the bill fade, in come the disputes about what the act does and does not do and the boundaries of the laws. â€Å"Perhaps the most difficult long-term challenge facing Obamacare is cost control† (Oberlander, New England Journal of Medicine). Cost control is a serious issue that is seen to be a point of major contention in the future due to the lack of limits on spending. Another negative aspect of Obamacare is the affect it will have on our country in the global scheme of things. The spending on healthcare in the United States makes up 35% of the national spending, a whopping $1.38 trillion (Boot, Wall Street Journal). Much different than a time when the majority of spending was allocated to war or national security, many Americans now worry about the extent of healthcare costs in relation to other costs. Globally we are seen as a significant power, but with so much of our money dedicated to healthcare people are concerned for th e safety and protection of our nation. Along with the healthcare protection of Obamacare comes the increase in government spending, and with that comes the alarming reality of less and less spending on our national  security. In my opinion Obamacare is a very beneficial planned instituted by the government that receives an unnecessary and unfair amount of criticism. The Kaiser Health Tracker poll asked Americans whether or not they supported Obamacare and the majority were against it. However, the poll also showed that 88% were in support of tax credits, 76% in favor of expanding the coverage age of children to 26, and 71% and 66% in favor of expanding Medicaid and banning exclusions for preexisting conditions respectively. This shows that people are unfairly judging Obamacare, whether that be because of the nickname given to it or because it is President Obama’s plan. I feel that the overall objective of the plan is one that should not be so vehemently disputed and put down by Americans and other political parties. The goal of achieving a nationally supported healthcare is a very positive one that should be supported by anyone who is in favor of the well-being of our country.

Lyrics in Rap Music

Lyrics in Rap Music In this essay I am going to discuss and take an in-depth look at the topic of the role and importance of the lyrics in rap music, which are often violent, sexually explicit and sexist in content. In order to understand the role these lyrics play in rap music, it is necessary to consider the musical style that goes with them and even the hip-hop culture that gave us rap music. This culture, including rap music, originated in the USA, but its appeal has become international. In the first introductory section I will analyse the terms rap music and rapper, and I will briefly discuss the origins of rap music. This section will introduce some important artists in the genre, mentioning their backgrounds and especially how they started their careers as rappers. Usually rappers begin singing in the streets, which might be a way of trying to escape from their difficult lives. Nonetheless in their lyrics they describe what could be taken as the real facts of such lives. So one question is: do their lyrics consist of violence, sex and sexism because this is an accurate reflection of the typical experiences of their own lives? What made them sing such songs? In order to be able to answer this question, I will include some simple lyrics as examples of some typical rap songs. Then, in the second part of the essay I will focus on the listeners and how rap music influences them. Overall, my intention is to discover exactly what is the significance of the lyrics in rap music within the context of this musical style as a whole. Generally the term rap refers to a street poetry, using slang language and phrases to express the singers feelings and show to the audience their point of view about life. Rap music therefore refers to the musical style in which such poetry is performed, which is very rhythmical usually without much accompaniment. The people that perform and usually also compose this poetry are rappers. The rappers in their music usually talk about the realities of their lives and their social environments; such realities include racism or the difference between male and female, violent events and feelings, and sexual attraction and activity, in other words everything that they have experienced, lived through and seen for themselves. But why is this? Why do they emphasize such aspects of their lives and not others? This relates to another question: is rap music intended as pure entertainment or is it more a music of social protest? The reason that I chose to work on this topic is that I find music in general and especially rap music really interesting. I myself play guitar and piano. For performance, I like songs with clear melody that can be easily performed and played on piano and guitar. However, I do not like mainstream pop music, which is mostly written to formulas with clichà © lyrics. Rap music is something very different, something I have never tried to perform or to explore, so in this essay I am trying to get to know it better, including its history, and also to share with readers my research. CHAPTER ONE: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LYRICS OF RAP MUSIC Rap music became widely known in the U.S.A. in the nineteen eighties, as a reaction against the disco music of the seventies. It was then and it remains today a predominantly black or African-American style of music, in which the lyrics are very important. This can be seen in the following summary of the history of rap: Rap evolved from African people in general and black people born in the U.S. in particular. Its origins can be traced to West Africa where tribesmen held men of words in high regard. Later when slaves were brought to the New World, the captives mixed American music with the beats they remembered from Africa. Another origin of rap is a form of Jamaican folk stories called toasts. These are narrative poems that tell stories in rhyme. Over a hundred years later, rapping was a street art. Just as doo-wop in the 1950s, rap began in inner-city schoolyards and street corners in the 1970s. Early raps were boastful tales, and put-downs directed at other rappers. This music style was slowly growing in popularity among black teens in New York City, Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia. As early as 1974 neighborhood block parties in New York featured early forms of rapping. But it wasnt until the commercial success of Rappers Delight by the Sugar Hill Gang in 1979 that major record labels took not ice of this explosive new sound. However, although the lyrics are particularly important in rap, many would say that the essence of rap is in its beat. For example, William Eric Perkins says, the foundation of rap music is the beat. The beat is the structure around which the lyrics are developed, and samples of selected phrases from previously recorded music, jingles, solos, and so on play second fiddle. In rap vernacular, those with the dope beats produce the deffest raps. Of course rap was and still is mainly a young persons type of music, and both the performers and the audience were and are youthful. Young people are often rebellious in spirit, and music is one of their main ways of expressing their rebelliousness: Rap music has stampeded through America like no other form of music since the creation of rock music in the 1960s. Like other popular styles, it has a history that is closely aligned with the rebellious attitude of its young creators; youth who rejected the contemporary music prevalent during the late 1970s (disco). However, rap is not only a rebellion against early forms of music and the lifestyles associated with them. Sometimes it is also music of social protest. At least, it is very realistic and the opposite of escapist. Mostly rap music is a means of expression. It is music of the street. In their lyrics rappers express their fears for their community, the reality of their lives, and they describe both the positive and negative sides of everyday life. Some artists come from environments that are impoverished and unhealthy, so music gives them a way of coping with reality, their violent and hard life. In this way they find a kind of shelter in their songs even though these songs describe their life and how hard it is. Thus they express their feelings through their music. Rap music differs from the other kinds of music, because of the great emphasis it puts on the words and lyrics. As said above, it is a kind of street poetry. This emphasis on words is because the songs are about real life. The rappers delivery is more like rhythmical speech than actual singing, although there is also a kind of very simple melody. The lyrics are not simple love songs, but reflect the complexity of reality. Eminem, the famous white rapper, who has had quite a hard life, is a good example of the way rappers make their actual lives the source of their songs. Shortly after he was born, his father abandoned him and until age twelve he and his mother lived in public housing. As a teenager he became interested in rap music, something that caused him to abandon school in the ninth grade and start performing with groups. The lyrics of Eminem have been criticized for being violent and offensive towards other celebrities. For example: Sometimes I just feel like my father, I hate to be bothered With all of this nonsense its constant And, Oh, its his lyrical content the song Guilty Conscience has gotten such rotten responses And all of this controversy circles me And it seems like the media immediately Points a finger at me (finger at me).. So I point one back at em, but not the index or pinkie Or the ring or the thumb, its the one you put up When you dont give a fuck, when you wont just put up With the bullshit they pull, cause they full of shit too When a dudes gettin bullied and shoots up his school And they blame it on Marilyn (on Marilyn) and the heroin Where were the parents at? And look where its at Middle America, now its a tragedy Now its so sad to see, an upper class ci-ty Havin this happenin (this happenin).. Then attack Eminem cause I rap this way (rap this way).. But Im glad cause they feed me the fuel that I need for the fire To burn and its burnin and I have returned There is a kind of aggression behind these lyrics which also allows the audience to identify with the anti-establishment attitude. They are also typical in the way they relate many different things together, including events in the news such as high school shootings, drug use, the media, middle America, and so on. Another famous rapper is a twenty-six year-old, Curtis James Jackson III, known as 50 cent. 50 cent is an American rapper who has lived a hard life. Curtis James Jackson III grew up without a father and was raised by his mother. His mother was only fifteen years old when she gave birth to him. He was born in South Jamaica. His mother who was a drug dealer died at twenty-three years old, leaving an eight year old boy who was raised by his grandparents. In early teenage he was dealing drugs, until he was arrested. He continued selling and hiding drugs, a fact that brought many problems and he was arrested a second time. However when he stopped he devoted himself to his career as a rap singer. Something that increased his popularity was his collaboration with Eminem. It is common and quite usual that rappers use violence and sexism in their lyrics. As mentioned above, violence is a means of expression of physical force either against ourselves or others and especially the weaker ones, while sexism is an attitude and belief of a person, usually male, that he is superior to or stronger that others, usually female. Sometimes a sexist attitude is communicated in lyrics that are sexually explicit. It is possible that the rapper did not deliberately intend to be sexist in the defined sense, but this is just part of his assumptions and his intention to be as realistic as possible. For example, the song called  «Candy Shop » by 50 cent is all about sexual activity and is apparently addressed to a girl, at least at the beginning, rather than to the audience itself (as in Eminems song above). However a little later the pronoun you is dropped and replaced by she as though 50 cent is now sharing his sexual experiences with his audience. Give it to me baby, nice and slow Climb on top, ride like you in the rodeo You aint never heard a sound like this before Cause I aint never put it down like this before Soon as I come through the door she get to pulling on my zipper Its like its a race who can get undressed quicker Isnt it ironic how erotic it is to watch em in thongs Had me thinking bout that ass after Im gone I touch the right spot at the right time Lights on or lights off, she like it from behind So seductive, you should see the way she wind Her hips in slow-mo on the floor when we grind As Long as she aint stopping, homie I aint stopping Dripping wet with sweat man its on and popping All my champagne campaign, bottle after bottle its on And we gon sip til every bubble in every bottle is gone Here we can easily understand the sexual innuendo. Whether it is actually sexist or not is a matter of opinion, probably the singer believes that it is just about the two sexes that want to have a bit of fun. Niggaz With Attitude (N.W.A), a five member band whose lyrics are openly violent (and refer to guns), are much more politically motivated. They have attacked even the police and FBI. Moreover the N.W.A has given to rap music its criminal image and raises the whole question of authenticity. This band has captured the essence of young black male rage. You dont really think youre gonna get away do you? We havent spotted them yet But theyre somewhere in the immediate vicinity. A 100 Miles and Runnin. MC Ren I hold the gun and You want me to kill a mutherfucker and its done in. Since Im stereotyped to kill and destruct Is one of the main reasons I dont give a fuck. Chances are usually not good Cause I freeze with my hands on a hot hood. And gettin jacked by the you-know-who. When in a black and white the capacity is two. Were not alone, were three more brothers, I mean street-brothers. Now wearin my dyes, cause Im not stupid, mutherfuckers. Theyre out to take our heads for what we said in the past. Point blank They can kizz my black azz. I didnt stutter when I said Fuck Tha Police. Cause its hard for a nigga to get peace. Now its broken and cant be fixed. Cause police and little black niggers dont mix so Now Im creepin through the fall. Runnin like a team. Well, see, I might have slayed yall. So for now pack the gun and Hold it in the air. Cause MC Ren has a 100 Miles of Runnin These lyrics express not only a lot of violence and rebelliousness, but also they use a typical kind of black slang. This is an expression of identity. As the song continues, it brings in the FBI as a way of proudly suggesting that N.W.A. is really important, or dangerous. The lyrics even comment sarcastically on how some of the enemies of black people are wearin our T-shirts! Runnin like a nigga I hate to lose. Show me on the news but I hate to be abused. I know it was a set-up. So now Im gonna get up. Even if the FBI wants me to shut up. But Ive got 10 000 niggas strong. They got everybody singin my Fuck Tha Police song. And while they treat my group like dirt, Their whole fuckin family is wearin our T-shirts. So Imma run til I cant run no more. Cause its time for MC Ren to settle the score. I got a urge to kick down doors. (The complete lyrics of this song are included in the Appendix.) This band is considered as one of the most violent bands in the decade of the eighties. Their lyrics were showing and describing a criminal life and a strong opposition to the police. Even the name of this band is openly aggressive using the N-word (which is taboo for white people) and the word attitude in a sense which means aggressive or rebellious. This allows young black people in the audience to identify strongly with the band, because it seems to represent black people standing up for themselves and asserting their power. Although this is not political in the sense that the Black Power movement was, nonetheless it is openly rebellious, and extremely realistic. CHAPTER TWO: HOW RAP AFFECTS ITS AUDIENCE Hip-hop [the term for the youth culture that includes rap music] is and will always be a culture of the African-American minority. But it has become an international language. So who are typical listeners to rap? Although rap is liked and appreciated by many people, it seems mainly intended for young black males. So do black females like it for the same kinds of reason? What about young white people (male and female)? What about older people? To what extent does the appeal of rap change from group to group? It is obviously difficult to answer these questions without carrying out wide research. However, the last question above matters because, as was seen in the last chapter, rap lyrics are important and express the experiences of rappers quite realistically, and it is possible that listeners with the same kinds of social experience will respond to rap more completely. For example, if we imagine a rich forty-five year old white woman living in St. Petersburg, the typical rap lyrics may not be so important to her as to a black eighteen year-old living in Harlem, New York. But here we have to remember an important point that was made by W. E. Perkins quoted in Chapter One: in rap, he says, The beat is the structure around which the lyrics are developed, and samples of selected phrases from previously recorded music, jingles, solos, and so on play second fiddle (see note 2, page 5 above). Probably it is this beat and also the possibilities of expressive dancing that go with it that makes ra p so widely popular. However, rap cannot be really rap without the lyrics playing a big part. So we can ask: when people choose to listen to rap music, what exactly is it that they identify with rap? Is it simply the musical style, fast rhythmical speaking with a very basic melody, or is it something else, the spirit of this kind of music? Someone who likes rap might turn on the TV and hear a rap song advertising, for example, breakfast cereal, but certainly they would not consider this to be real rap. For a song to be real rap it is not enough to imitate the musical style, but the lyrics must also be about the kinds of things that rappers sing about. These lyrics need to be realistic and unsentimental. This implies that people who are drawn to real rap are interested in the picture of life that it communicates and not just in the beat, even if they do not share that kind of life themselves. Of course they also enjoy the musical style, but this is most likely because that musical style is very effective in communicating what the lyrics say. It is also very energetic, and in performance is accompanied by a certain style of movement. Young people love to express themselves through dancing. However, dancing itself is not a socially meaningless kind of expression. Typical rap dancing is both masculine and African in spirit. Katrina Hazzard-Donald says, I was ambivalent about the hip hop phenomenon [which includes rap] until I noticed the dancing that accompanied the rapping; It was energetic, athletic, and noticeably male dominated, using a very African movement vocabularyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Like most African dance styles, these [styles] exhibit angularity, asymmetry, polyrhythmic sensitivity, derision themes, segmentation and delineation of body parts, earth-centeredness and percussive performance. Thus this kind of dancing is also an expression of the culture of the intended rap audience, young black males, not of their poverty or of crime or drug use, but their African roots. For them this dancing is a way to celebrate their identity. Other kinds of audiences can try to imitate this style of dancing but it will never mean the same thing to them, even if they really love it. What in my opinion makes rap widely popular, especially amongst young people, is its energy. For some types of audience, this energy is a kind of social rebellion. Rebellion is usually not explicit in the lyrics, but in the attitude of the performers (as the name of N.W.A, Niggas With Attitude, says). Through this, black listeners gain a sense of confidence, even power, and of pride in their identity. ANALYSIS Rap, as was said above, is part of hip hop culture. According to Katrina Hazzard-Donald, Hip hop appears at the crucial juncture of postindustrial stagnation, increased family dissolution, and a weakened struggle for black economic and political rights. Might one expect the pressures of mutually antagonistic social forces such as high unemployment, heightened job competition, and expectations of conspicuous consumption to influence both the popular expressive culture and the culture-creating apparatus of the community? I say yes. It is no coincidence that many youth of the hip hop generation have never known the relative security that some of their parents and even grandparents knew. This quotation says that the general economic and social situation affects a cultural expression like rap music. Therefore we can also assume that rap music reflects the general economic and social situation. It was shown in Chapter One that the lyrics of rap are often about violence or poverty, trouble with the police, and so on the kind of the things the rappers and their main intended audience meet in their every day lives. In Chapter Two it was seen that the style of dance is also an important part of the appeal of rap. Probably this dance style also expresses the socio-economic situation, but in a much more indirect way than the lyrics do. It can be argued that it is the rap dance style that makes rap more positive and optimistic in spirit than the lyrics on their own suggest it would be. Therefore, while it is true that rap lyrics, consisting of violence, sex and sexism, are an accurate reflection of the typical experiences of the rappers own lives, the audience experiences this realism in relation to a whole musical style that expresses energy and a sense of identity, especially African roots. It is both these elements together that make up the great appeal of rap. According to Anthony Bozza,  Hip-hop, in comparison to other African-American musical traditions blues, jazz and rock and roll has remained truest to its roots for the thirty years it has existed. It is possibly the most potent, least altered African-American cultural expression in history. Hip-hop has evolved technically, but its basic theme has survived: self-improvement with style. The earliest rap records, like those released a week ago, were about getting money, living better, having a party, having sex, defying mainstream society, and looking really good while you do ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Rap broadcast inner-city realities and established rebel stance that no hardship would keep the minorities who pioneered hip-hop from living, to the fullest, on their own terms. While this message of rap is probably strongest and most meaningful for young black people, and perhaps also for the youth of other relatively poor minority groups such as Hispanics in the USA, it is also easy to see how it makes rap music attractive to young people in general. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we have seen that violence, sexism and sexually explicit language do exist in the lyrics of rap music, and that this is part of the realistic use of inner-city realities, as Bozza calls them. However, to understand the role these lyrics play in rap music it has been necessary to understand their context, especially rap dancing and the wider hip-hop culture. In this context such lyrics are part of what Bozza calls the rebel stance. What attracts young people to rap is not the lyrics in themselves but the whole image that rap creates, as well as its sense of energy and identity.

Values Of Russian Education Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Values Of Russian Education ABSTRACT: The paper discloses changes in Russian education from a prospective which focuses on the culturology of education (Krylova 1994, 1995, 1996), a new trend in theories of education that is being constructed upon the established turf of philosophy of education. The culturology of education includes inquiry concerning both cultural values and pedagogical methodologies. It attempts to explain the whole complex of cultural, sociocultural, and multicultural problems in education with reference to principles drawn from both educational theory, and cultural anthropology and philosophy. I argue that the solution to many educational problems will become possible when the educator or researcher utilizes the culturological approach in effective ways. The modification of practical and theoretical values in a given system of education is the best gauge of positive change and innovation in education. But as known, there are different kinds of values. For example there are value-myths and value-ideals, enduring and time honored values and and newly articularted values, invariable and variable values, and finally values based in super-personal, personal and interpersonal spheres of endeavor. The real values of education (and philosophy of education, too) have changed in the last years to a considerable extent. The Law of RF (On Education, at July, 10, 1992) directs educators to repect the following principles: education needs to be "humanist" in nature, entailing respect for human individuals; education needs to uplift values common to all humankind; there needs to be a unity of federal cultural and educational space; there needs to be protection for national cultures and regional traditions, so tha... ...not emphasize. The time has now come for culturology to develop their ideas and the practical norms that will change education. References Asmolov A. (1996). Cultural-historical psychology and constructing of the worlds. (Russ). Moscow. Haberman, M. (1991). Can cultural awareness be taught in teacher education programs? In: Teaching Education, N.4, 25-32. Krylova, N. (1996). The Introduction into culturological problems of education. In: New Educational Values: Cultural and Multicultural Environment of Schools (Moscow). N.4, 132-152. Ladson-Billings, G. (1995). Toward a Theory of Culturally Relevant Pedagogy. In: American Educational Journal. V32, N.3, 465-491. Pai, Y. (1990).Cultural foundations of education. Columbus, OH: Merrill Publishing Company. Rozin V. (1994). Psychology and cultural development of the Man. (Russ). Moscow, Russ.Open Univ.

Nurse Empowerment Essay -- Health Care, Nursing

Introduction Nurses have a vital role in the rapidly changing healthcare setting, which are characterized by critical care patients and shortages of nurses to meet demands of patient care (Ning, Zhong, Libo, and Qiujie, 2009). Therefore, it is important to maintain good working environments for nurses. Empowerment is seen as an effective method to advance nurse’s satisfaction (Ning, Zhong, Libo, and Qiujie, 2009). Empowerment as stated by Wittmann-Price (2004), is â€Å"the process of reaching a more positive state of being, a state of relative freedom in choice by first acknowledging an affective experience of oppression†. The purpose of this paper is to write a narrative about an experience as a student nurse practicing in a clinical setting where we felt oppressed due to class, race, cultural or gender biases. This narrative will be analyzed using relevant concepts in the literature. Narrative My experience happened when I was in second year nursing. We are just starting our clinical rotations in KGH. At that time, our instructors assigned us one patient to do our nursing care. The goals for the day are to do our head to toe assessments and be able to chart our findings. Throughout the shift, we have a co-assigned nurse that will aid us in our duties for the day. I did what I was supposed to do and charted accordingly. After the end of the shift I thought that I did everything right, until one of my classmates told me that my nurse talked to her and stating that I did not do a good job and telling her that I do not know how to chart. Upon hearing, this from my classmate I did not say anything to my clinical instructor and just let it slide. I felt embarrassed and ashamed. I thought that I cannot change what happened and I ... ...against oppressors I must recognized that I am being oppressed. I also must learn to change my attitudes towards my oppressors and change the way I am responding and thinking. Conclusion Empowerment is a vital factor in creating a positive working environment. Nurses that see their work environment as empowering are more likely to provide quality health care. Positive environments are important for the future of nursing development (Ning, Zhong, Libo, and Qiujie, 2009). Nurses should not only have the ability to recognized differences but also they must have the capacity to transform and change structures within the profession in order to achieved emancipation. To achieve empowerment they must take steps to overcome oppression. They must face their fears and be able to make dialogue with their oppressors and let them know that their actions are unacceptable.

Beauty Revisited :: Japan Culture Greece Essays

"When a man has gone deep enough in the lore of love and turned his attention to things of beauty in their due order,... there shall dawn upon his eyes a vision of surpassing beauty, for whose sake he endured all his former toils; a beauty which, in the first place, is eternal, without beginning and without end, unbegotten and without decay; and secondly, is not beautiful at one time or one place or from one point of view and then ugly, as if its beauty depended upon the beholders. Nor again will that beauty to his eyes take on the likeness of a face or hands or any fleshy part, nor of speech or learning, nor will it have its being in any other creature but will have its simple and essential being ever one within itself. ..." -plato "So when any one climbs the ladder of true love in this world till he catch a glimpse of that other beauty, he has almost attained that goal. And this is the true discipline of loving or being loved: that a man begin with the beauties of this world and use them as stepping stones for an unceasing journey to that other beauty, going from one to two and from two to all, and from beautiful creatures to beautiful lives, and from beautiful lives to beautiful truths, and from beautiful truths attaining finally to nothing less than the true knowledge of Beauty itself, and so at last what Beauty is." -Plato What is art? Who cares of beauty? What really goes on when I make art. Why do I love art? Do I feel the essence of this journey which Plato speaks of? Beauty, yes, that is the focus of my life,... beauty. It sounds fantastic, but it may be true. by looking at Platonic and Japanese ideals of aesthetic beauty, I will show that art is all about a feeling, a communion with that "simple and essential being, ever one within itself." It is an ongoing dialogue with the mystery of sentient, hard to discern emotions. I'm wary to say that my artistic endeavors are aimed towards beauty, maybe skill, luck, or ingenuity. This essay is more about the glue which bind one artistic experience to another, an irrational and ever-present push towards the unmade. Plato's basic philosophy centers around the "Allegory of the Cave," which, distilled, points out that for man to think that he may know the whole truth, end all and be all in itself, is for him to declare the largess of his own ego.

Effects Of Mercury On The Enviroment

LA Gear and other shoe companies have been using mercury to make the switch active in their shoe that light up when a person walks. The shoes should return to the company after the user is done with the to be recycled. Since LA never advertises this, people just thrown them away like any other pair of old shoes. Eventually the shoes end up in a land fill and the mercury can leak out into the environment. Mercury is a highly toxic substance and is the cause of the Minamata Disease in the 1950’s. On the top 20 toxic chemical list, mercury rates 3rd. Mercury bioaccumulates in the body and has difficulty eliminating it. It may reach dangerous levels over time and causes sever damage to the central nervous system. Mercury’s Effect on the Environment and People Mercury is one of the biggest environmental problems that exist because it is hard to get of once in the environment. In the past, mercury was used to make things like paper, put in paint and thermometers, and as an agricultural pesticide. The Minamata Disease is a good example of what could happen if mercury enters into the environment. In the mid 1950’s, more than 100 Japanese were poisoned by fish that contained methyl mercury. The mercury came from industrial waste that had been dumped into the bay where the fish were caught. The mercury bioaccumulated up the food chain. The cats the were eating the fish showed the symptoms first. They began to act very strange; running into walls and acting like they were â€Å"in a trance. † The people in the village developed mental retardation, insanity, and birth defects from eating the poisoned fish. Fifty people died and 150 people suffered from these disorders. Another example of mercury’s effect on people and the environment comes from the saying â€Å"mad as a hatter. † In the 1800’s, hats were made with mercury to stiffened the brim. The hatters that made the hats worked with mercury all the time. The mercury was absorbed into their skin and caused them to develop neurological and physiological disorders. People just assumed they were going crazy. From then on, when someone thought another was going out of their mind they would say they were â€Å"mad as a hatter. †

Human Sexual Behavior and Sexual Abuse Incest

INCEST Incestis cozy recounting surrounded by family members and mingy congeners. 12The term whitethorn apply to k now conductgeable acquitivities betwixt individuals of close tear trans conductionhip, members of the resembling sign of the zodiachold, quantity relatives associate byadoptionormarri epoch, or members of the give c arclanorlineage. 3Theincest taboois and has been unriv single told(prenominal)ed of the nigh unwashed of exclusively culturaltaboos, both in current nations and al nigh a(prenominal) past societies. 4 more(prenominal) or less modern societies hand each(prenominal) everywherelaws regarding incestor genial restrictions on intimately consanguineous matrimonys. 5In countries where it is il juristic, accordant gr ownup incest is con system ton by well-nigh as adupeless crime. 67 In approximately societies, a great deal(prenominal) as those ofAncient Egyptand early(a)wises, companionbaby, fuck off girlfriend, and develop ti dings, cousin-cousin, aunt-nephew, uncle-niece, and opposite permutations of dealings were approach patternd amongroyaltyas a means of perpetuating the royal lineage. 89In addition, theBalinese10and roundInuittribes11 hold in alto leaseher different beliefs or so what constitutes il sub judice and immoral incest. However, p atomic number 18nt- nestling and blood relative- sib mergers be to the highest stagecoach universally fundingden. 12 Children born of close incestous unions get immensely annexd fortune of indispensable disorders, death and disability at least(prenominal) in part imputable to ancestral diseases caused by thein carriage. 13 - Terminology The slope developincestis derived from the Latinincestus, which has a general in pass of impure, unchaste. It was introduced into set English, both in the generic Latin sense (preserved end-to-end the Middle English period14) and in the specialise modern sense.The derived adjectiveincestuousappears in the 16th century. 15Prior to the introduction of the Latin term, incest was cognize inOld Englishassibbleger(fromsibbkinship +legerto lie) orm? gh? med(fromm? gkin, p arnt +h? med in general anatomyal sexual congress) however in time, both deli documentaryly fell bring out of use. - History hedge of forbid hymenealss fromThe Trial of BastardiebyWilliam Clerke. Lon take, 1594 - Prevalence and statisticsIncest in the midst of an liberaland a soul chthonic theage of consentis considered a bound of nestling call forthual clapperclaw3637that has been shown to be nonp argonilness of the close to extreme counterfeits of youngsterhood mal cover up, ofttimes resulting in serious and bulky-term mental trauma, particularly in the role of agnatic incest. 38Prevalence is backbreaking to generalize, hirely investigate has estimated 1015% of the general population as having at least one much(prenominal) drive inledgeable cont recreate, with less than 2% involving inte rcourse or attempted intercourse. 39Among women, query has yielded estimates as high as 20%. 38 Father- little girlincest was for globey days the roughly normally report and studied year of incest. 4041 more novelly, studies declargon suggested that sibling incest, particularly aged(a) buddys having inner relations with younger siblings, is the to the highest degree(prenominal) jet put to work of incest,424344454647484950with rough studies conclusion sibling incest come inring more frequently than other(a) forms of incest. 51Some studies suggest that adolescent perpetrators of sibling nuisance choose younger victims, pervert victims over a lengthier period, use strength more frequently and severely than bad perpetrators, and that sibling do by has a high rate of penetrative moments than father or stepfather incest, with father and older brother incest resulting in greater report di examine than stepfather incest. 525354 - Types betwixt adults and pip -squeakren chief(prenominal) phraseChild wakenual shout out Incest amidst an adult and a kid is unremarkably considered a form of churl internal abuse55and for numerous age has been the to the highest degree account form of incest. Fatherdaughter and stepfatherstepdaughter incest is the most ordinarily account form of adult- tiddler incest, with most of the remaining involving a stick or stepmother. 56Father tidings incest is reported less ofttimes, entirely it is non know how close the frequency is to hetero inner incest because it is seeming more chthonian-reported. 5758Prevalence of incest betwixt p arnts and their minorren is difficult to assess referable(p) to secrecy and seclusion some estimate that 20 million Ameri tin screwings were, as children, bowed to incest. 56clarification needed( ineluctably a best source) In a 1999 red-hots story,BBCreported, close-knit family tone inIndiamasks an alarming kernel of internal abuse of children and ado lescent girls by family members, a refreshed report suggests. Delhi organizationRAHIsaid 76% of respondents to its survey had been maltreat when they were children 40% of those by a family member. 59 check to the National Center for Victims of Crime a braggy equipoise ofrape committed in the United States is perpetrated by a family member Research indicates that 46% of children who ar ravish ar victims of family members (Langan and Harlow, 1994). The majority of American rape victims (61%) atomic number 18 raped in front the age of 18 furthermore, 29% of all rapes occurred when the victim was less than 11 years old. 11% of rape victims atomic number 18 raped by their fathers or step-fathers, and other 16% ar raped by other relatives. 60 A essay of victims of fatherdaughter incest in the 1970s showed that on that point were commonalty features within families before the concomitant of incest disaffection amid the mother and the daughter, extreme kindleal domin ance, and reassignment of some of the mothers traditional major family duty to the daughter. Oldest and nevertheless daughters were more likely to be the victims of incest. It was to a fault verbalize that the incest ascertain was psychologically harmful to the wo gentlemans gentleman in later on life, frequently leading to sapidityings of low self-esteem, sick internal natural process, contempt for other women, and other ablaze conundrums. 61clarification needed( necessarily a let on source) Adults who as children were incestuously victimized by adults real much suffer from lowself-esteem, difficulties in inter individualised familys, and inner dysfunction, and argon at an extremely high risk of m both mental disorders, includingdepression,anxiety,phobic keep knock downance reactions,somatoform disorder, effect abuse,borderline disposition disorder, andcomplex post-traumatic stress disorder. 386263Research by Leslie Margolin indicates that mother- boy incest does non stir up some innate biological response, simply that the cause argon more honest off colligate to the symbolic meanings attri simplyed to this act by the participants. 64 TheGoler clanis a specific vitrine in which child inner abuse in the form of hale adult/child and sibling/sibling incest took fanny over at least deuce-ace generations. 65A number of Goler children were victims of intimate abuse at the hands of fathers, mothers, uncles, aunts, childs, brothers, cousins, and each other.During doubtfulness by police, several of the adults openly admitted to sweet in m both forms of informal activity, up to and including rise intercourse, multiple times with the children. xvi adults (both men and women) were charged with hundreds of allegations of incest and sexual abuse of children as young as five. 65 In Japan thither is a pop misconception that mother-son incestuous contact in common, due to the mode in which it is depicted in the press and popular media. check to Hideo Tokuoka, When Americans conceptualise of incest, they think of fathers and daughters in Japan one thinks of mothers and sons due to the extensive media coverage of mother-son incest in that respect. 66Some Hesperian look intoers withal assumed this was established fact. However, research into victimization statistics from police and health divvy up systems discredits this, as it shows the vast majority of sexual abuse, including incest, is perpetrated by men against young girls. 67The master(prenominal)ichi quotidian NewscolumnWaiWai, by Australian journalist Ryann Connell, featured a great deal-sensationalist stories, principally translated from and base on obligates appearing in Japanese tabloids. 68On June 28, 2008, chief(prenominal)ichi announced punitive measures. 697071 principal(prenominal)ichi said, We continue to post articles that contained incorrect information and indelicate sexual content. These articles, numerous of which were non examine and properly investigated should non construct been dispatched.We absolve deeply for ca employ some good deal trouble and for betraying the publics commit in the Mainichi Shimbun. 72 amidst childhood siblings Childhood siblingsibling incest is considered to be widesp find out and rargonly reported. 56It is entrustd to be the most common form of intrafamilial abuse. 73 sib-sibling incest becomeschild-on-child sexual abusewhen it occurs without consent, without equality, or as a result ofcoercion. The most normally reported form of inglorious sibling incest is abuse of a younger sibling by an older sibling. 56A 2006 field of information showed a large portion of adults who infrago sibling incest abuse piss distorted or disturbed beliefs (such as that the act was normal) both astir(predicate) their own experience and the subject of sexual abuse in general. 74 Sibling abusive incest is most prevalent in families where one or both promotes ar often bump off or emot ionally unavailable, with the abusive siblings using incest as a focus to drift their power over a weaker sibling. 75 absence of the father in particular has been lay out to be a significant segment of most cases of sexual abuse of fe priapic children by a brother. 76The damaging set up on both childhood reading and adult symptoms resulting from brother babe sexual abuse argon comparable to the effects of fatherdaughter, including substance abuse, depression, suicidality, and eating disorders. 7677 betwixt consenting adults internal activity surrounded by adult close relatives whitethorn come near fromgenetic sexual attraction. 78This form of incest has not been widely reported in the past, tho recent evidence has indicated that this behavior does put forward topographic point, possibly more often than m some(prenominal) populate realize. 78Internetchatroomsand topical websites come by that provide stand up for incestuous couples. 78 Proponents of incest between c onsenting adults draw clear boundaries between the behavior of consenting adults and rape, child molestation, and abusive incest. 78According to one incest participant who was interviewed for an article inThe Guardian You cant stand by who you plunge in know with, it just feels. I fell in whop with my child and Im not ashamed I nevertheless feel sorry for my mom and soda, I wish they could be happy for us. We love each other.Its nothing like some old man who tries to fuck his three-year-old, thats loathsomeness and disgusting Of course were consenting, thats the most central thing. Were not fucking perverts. What we have is the most beautiful thing in the world. 78 InSlate Magazine,William Saletandrew a legal connection between gay sex and incest between consenting adults. 79As he described in his article, in 2003, U. S. Senator hayrick Santorumcommented on a pending U. S. despotic coquette case involving sodomy laws (primarily as a matter ofConstitutional blush off s to concealment and Equal Protection under the Law).He evidenced If the Supreme Court says that you have the expert to consensual sex within your home, so you have the repair to bigamy, you have the right to polygamy, you have the right to incest, you have the right to adultery. 79However, David Smith of theHuman Rights Campaignprofessed dishonour that Santorum placed existence gay on the same moral and legal aim as individual engaging in incest. Saletan argued that, legally and morally, in that respect is essentially no difference between the ii, and went on to aver incest between consenting adults being cover by a legal right to privacy. 79UCLAlaw professorEugene Volokhhas make similar arguments. 80In a more recent article, Saletan said that incest is wrong because it introduces the possibility of irreparably damaging family units by introducing a notoriously incendiary dynamicsexual focusinto the mix. 81 Aunts, uncles, nieces or nephews In Florida, consensual adult sexual intercourse with someone you know to be your aunt, uncle, niece or nephew constitutes a felony of the trinity degree. 82Other states in addition comm scarcely set aside sexual unions between such kins. 83The rectitude of sex with a half(prenominal)-aunt or half-uncle varies state by state. 84 Between adult siblings The most public case of consensual adult sibling incest in recent years is the case of a brother-sister couple from Germany,Patrick Stubingand Susan Karolewski. Because of rampageous behavior on the part of the father, the brother was taken in at the age of 3 by nurse upgrades, who take him later. At the age of 23 he learned around his biological parents, contacted his mother, and met her and his whence 16 year old sister for the startle time. The now-adult brother moved in with his birth family miserablely thereafter.After their mother died abruptly six months later, the couple became insidely close, and had their early child together in 2001. By 2004, they had four children together Eric, Sarah, Nancy, and Sofia. The public reputation of their kind, and the repeatedprosecutionsand rase jail time they have served as a result, has caused some in Germany to headway whether incest between consenting adults should be punished at all. An article virtually them inDer Spiegelstates that the couple are happy together. According to court records, the front three children have mental and personal disabilities, and have been placed in foster care. 6In April 2012, at theEuropean Court of Human Rights, Patrick Stuebing lost his case that the doctrine violated his right to a reclusive and family life. 8586 stolon cousin races See besidesCousin wedding partyandList of coupled cousins Marriages and sexual relationships between first cousins are setd as incest in some western agri grows, but tolerated in most of the world. Currently, 24 statesUS states, foreclose wedding ceremonys between first cousins and some other seve n appropriate them only under special circumstances. 87Cousin marriages are rare, accounting for less than 1% of marriages in westerly Europe, North America and Oceania, art object arrive at 9% in siemens America, atomic number 99 Asia and southernmost Europe and up to 25% in regions of the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia. 88Communities such as the Dhond and theBhittaniof Pakistan clearly choose marriages between cousins as opine they check off purity of the descent line, provide intimate knowledge of the mates, and ensure thatpatrimony provide not pass into the hands of outside(a)rs. 89 away from the overtone prohibition in the United States, there are some assimilations in Asia which stigmatize cousin marriage, in some instances even marriages between second cousins or more remotely related mountain. This concerns notably the culture ofKorea, and someHinducommunities in India. In South Korea, before 1997, anyone with the same persist advert and clan were prohibited from marriage. In light of this law being held unconstitutional, South Korea now only prohibits up to third cousins (seeArticle 809 of the Korean Civil Code).Hmongculture prohibits the marriage of anyone with the same last name to do so would result in being shunned by the entire community, and they are commonly stripped of their last name. InWestern Australiaover 500 marriages are between cousins. In a suss out of 48 studies on the children parented by cousins, most of the babies born to cousins were healthy verso to the popular perception, with birth defects being 4% of births for consanguineous couples as opposed to 2% for the general population. 90Inbreeding over many generations does increase risks however. reference work needed Incest specify through marriage Some cultures include relatives by marriage in incest prohibitions these relationships are calledaffinity or else thanconsanguinity. For instance, the interrogative of the legality and morality of a w idower who wished to splice his departed married womans sisterwas the subject of long and fierce flip over in theUnited Kingdomin the 19th century, involving, among others,Matthew Boulton. 9192In medieval Europe, rest as agodparentto a child also created a bond of affinity. citation neededBut in other societies, a deceased partners sibling was considered the ideal person to marry. The Hebrew playscript forbids a man from marrying his brothers widow with the exception that, if his brother died childless, the man is instead involve to marry his brothers widow so as to raise up seed to him (taken from Deuteronomy 2556). According to Islamic ideology, marriage among close blood relations like parents, siblings, the children of siblings, aunts and uncles is prohibited. First or second cousins whitethorn marry.Marrying the widow of a brother, or the sister of deceased or divorced wife is allowed in Islam. - Inbreeding Main articleInbreeding Incest that results in consequence is a form of closeinbreeding(reproduction between devil individuals with a common ancestor). Inbreeding leads to a higher(prenominal) probability of unconditioned birth defectsbecause it increases that proportion of zygotes that arehomozygous, in particular for perverting recessionary allelesthat garden truck such disorders93(and seeInbreeding depressionInbreeding depression and natural selection).Because most such alleles are rare in populations, it is unlikely that deuce unrelated marriage partners leave both be heterozygous carriers. However, because close relativesshare a large fraction of their alleles, the probability that any such rare unhealthful allele indicate in the common ancestor will be inherited from both related parents is increased dramatically with respect to non-inbred couples. contrary to common belief, inbreeding does not in itself deepen allele frequencies, but rather increases the relative proportion of homozygotes to heterozygotes.However, because the incr eased proportion of destructive homozygotes exposes the allele tonatural selection, in the long run its frequency decreases more chop-chop in inbred population. In the short term, incestuous reproduction is expected to produce increases in spontaneous abortions of zygotes, perinatal deaths, and postpartum offspring with birth defects. 94 on that point whitethorn also be other deleterious effects besides those caused by recessive diseases. Thus, similarimmune systems whitethorn be more vulnerable to infectious diseases (see major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection). 95 A 1994 study found a mean scanty mortality with inbreeding among first cousins of 4. 4%. 96Children of parent-child or sibling-sibling unions are at increased risk equationd to cousin-cousin unions. Studies suggest that 20-36% of these children will die or have major disability due to the inbreeding. 13A study of 29 offspring resulting from brother-sister or father-daughter incest found that 20 had c ongenital abnormalities, including four directly attributable to autosomal recessive alleles. 97 - animal(prenominal)s Main articleAnimal sexual behavior Many mammal species including kind- lift upteditys closestprimaterelatives tend to avoid close inbreeding, especially if there are alternative partners available. 98However some chimpanzees have been recorded attempting to mate with their mothers. 99Male rats have been recorded engaging in uniting with their sisters, but they tend to prefer non-related fe phallics over their sisters. 100 Livestockbreeders often practice controlled breeding to eliminate undesirable characteristics within a population, which is also coupled withcullingof what is considered unfit offspring, especially when trying to establish a new and desirable trait in the stock. - In popular culture Main articleIncest in popular culture Incest is a somewhat popular topic in Englisherotic fiction there are entire collections and websites devoted simply to this genre, with an entire genre of pornographic chassis fictionknown as incest novels. Laws Main articleLaws regarding incest Incest is illegal in many jurisdictions. The exact legal explanation of incest, including the record of the relationship between persons, and the types sexual activity, varies by country, and by even individual states or provinces within a country. These laws can also extend to marriage between subject individuals. In most places, incest is illegal, regardless of the ages of the 2 partners. In other places, incestuous relationships between 2 consenting adults (with the age vary by location) are permitted.Such countries where it is permissible and legal, includes for example theNetherlands,France, andSpain. InSwedenthe only type of incestuous relationship allowed by law is that between half-siblings and they must seek government counseling before marriage. 101 A jurisdictions comment of an incestuous relationship will also plant who a person is permitted to marry. Some jurisdictions forbid first-cousins to marry, while others limit the prohibition to brothers, sisters, mothers, fathers, aunts and uncles. - editReligious views editJewish Main articlesIncest in the BibleandJewish views on incest In three places in theTorah, there are lists of family members between whom it is prohibited to have sexual relations each of these lists is increasingly shorter. The biblical lists are not proportionate the implied rules for women and men are not the same. Relationships compare as follows proscribe for men Forbidden for women Forbidden for both men and women worship Code Deuteronomic Code Leviticus 18 Leviticus 20 Grandparents spouse (including other grandparent) call forths spouse Parent Stepparent Parent-in-law Uncle/aunt Parents sibling Uncles/aunts spouse Fathers siblings spouse Mothers siblings spouse Parents child Half-Sibling (mothers side) Fathers child Sibling Half-sibling (fathers side) Step sibling Sibling-in-law (if the spouse was tranquillise a harp) Nephew/niece Siblings child Nephew/niece-in-law Spouses brothers child Spouses sisters child Spouses child Child Stepchild Child-in-law Spouses grandchild (including grandchild) Apart from the questionable case of the daughter, the first incest list in the righteousness code roughly produces the same rules as were followed in early (pre-Islamic) Arabic culture102inIslam, these pre-existing rules were made statutory. 103 In the 4th century BCE, theSoferim(scribes) declared that there were relationships within which marriage constituted incest, in addition to those mentioned by the Torah. These additional relationships were termedseconds(Hebrewsheniyyot), and include the wives of a mans grandfather and grandson. 104The classical rabbis prohibited marriage between a man and any of thesesecondsof his, on the basis that doing so would act as a sentry goagainst infringing the biblical incest rules, 105although there was inconclusive argumentation near exactly what the limits should be for the interpretation ofseconds. 102 Marriages forbidden in the Torah were regarded by the rabbis of the Middle Ages as in legitimate as if they had never occurred106any children born to such a couple were regarded asJewish bastards,106and the relatives of the spouse were not regarded as forbidden relations for a further marriage. 107On the other hand, those relationships which were prohibited due to qualifying asseconds, and so forth, were regarded as wicked, but lighten valid106while they faculty have pressured such a couple to divorce, any children of the union were suave seen as legitimate. 106 Christian In the Roman Catholic Church, marriage is loosely not permitted if the potential spouses are related in the collateral line up to and including the second degree, although a dispensation may be granted permitting marriages etween first cousins or even uncle/niece unions as in the mar riage of Leopold I, blessed Roman Emperor to his niece, and first cousin, Margarita Teresa of Spain in 1666. citation neededThe Church does not generally permit the marriage if a doubt exists on whether the potential spouses are related by consanguinity in any degree of the direct line or in the second degree of the collateral line. 108 In theEastern Orthodox Church, marriages are outlaw between second cousins or encompassing(prenominal) and between second uncles / aunts and second nieces / nephews (between first cousins once removed) or close together(predicate).Also, marriages that produce children that are closer genetic relatives than legal are also not permitted (unless the genetic relationship does allow marriage between those children). For example, twain siblings may not marry two other siblings because legally their children will be cousins, but genetically theyll be half-siblings. On the other hand, two siblings may marry two cousins. citation needed TheAnglican Commu nionallows marriages up to and including first cousins. But in all of the three preceding Christian churches, marriages to uncles, aunts, relatives in the direct line, or their respective spouses are not allowed. citation needed Islamic Main articleMahram TheQurangives specific rules regarding incest, which prohibit a man from marrying or having sexual relationships with * his fathers wife109(his mother,110or stepmother110), his mother-in-law, a muliebrity from whom he has nursed, even the children of this char110 * all parents sister (aunt),110 * his sister, his half sister, a woman who has nursed from the same woman as he, his sister-in-law (wifes sister) while still espouse. Half relations are as sacred as are the full relations. 110 * his niece (child of sibling),110 * his daughter, his stepdaughter (if the marriage to her mother had beenconsummated), his daughter-in-law. 110 The main differences (apart from relationships between a man and his daughter) are * a woman fromwho m he has nursed * a woman who hasnursed from the same womanas he * a niece AHadithalso prohibits marriage to a woman and her parents sister at the same time. 111The same applies for a woman with the male counterparts to the aforementioned. editHinduHinduismspeaks of incest in abhorrent terms. Hindus are cowardly of the bad effects of incest and thus practice strict rules of bothendogamyand inmarriagewithincastes(Varna) but not in the same family tree (gotra) or line of business (Pravara). Marriages within the gotra (swagotra marriages) are banned under the rule of exogamy in the traditional matrimonial system. 112People within the gotra are regarded as kin and marrying such a person would be thought of as incest. i. e. Marriage with paternal cousins is strictly prohibited. 113In fact marriage between two nation whose parents are related paternally up to seven generations is expressly prohibited. Gotra is transferred down the male lineage while the Gotra of a female changes upon m arriage. i. e. , upon marriage a woman belongs to her husbands Gotra and no longer belongs to her fathers Gotra. Hence marriage with a person having same Gotra as of the originalGotrasof grandparents is prohibitedcitation needed. Nevertheless, inTamil Naduof grey India, Marriage with maternal cousins and marriages between agnatic Uncle and Niece were widely in practice a few decades back.However the tradition of getting married to maternal uncle has declined considerably now and may soon become a memento of the past. In matrilinial societies ofKeralamarriage between first cousins were common. It is said to have helped in preserving family wealth. Buddhistic Buddhistsocieties take a knock-down(prenominal) ethical stand in human affairs and sexual behavior in particular. Most variations of Buddhism decide locally about the details of incest as a wrongdoing, match to local cultural standards. 114Sexual fluff is mentioned but the definition of what constitutes misconduct sex is a n individual issue. 115The most common grammatical construction of Buddhist ethics are the louvre Preceptsand theNoble Eightfold Path one should neither be attached to nor lust sensual pleasure. These precepts take the form of voluntary, personal undertakings, not divine mandate or instruction. The third of the Five Precepts is To refrain from committing sexual misconduct. Sexual misconduct means any sexual conduct involving violence, manipulation or deceit conduct that therefore leads to execrable and trouble. 116Buddhist monks and nuns strictly forbid any type of sexual misconduct but incest is not specifically efined as sexual misconduct, and therefore depends on the culture of the area, not on mandate from Buddhism itself. However, there are no enforced rules for lay mass in Buddhism, only guidance. Incest Incestis sexual contact between persons who are so closely related that their marriage is illegal (e. g. , parents and children, uncles/aunts and nieces/nephews, etc. ). Th is usually takes the form of an older family member sexually abusing a child or adolescent. Laws vary from place to place regarding what constitutes incest, child sexual abuse, sexual assault, and rape. How common is Incest? on that point are very few reliable statistics about how often incest occurs. Its difficult to know how many people are affected by incest because many incest situations never get reported. thither are many reasons that the victim might not report the abuse. * The victim has been told that what is possibility is normal or give-up the ghosts in every(prenominal) family, and doesnt realize that it is a form of abuse * The victim may not know that help is available or who they can talk to * The victim may be unnerved of what will receive if they demonstrate someone * The maltreater may have threatened the victim The victim may care about the abuser and be afraid of what will happen to the abuser if they tell * The victim may be afraid of what will happen to them if they tell * The victim may also be concerned about how many people will react when they hear about the abuse * They may be afraid that no one will believe them or that the person they believe in will tell the abuser * The victim may be afraid that people will accuse them of having through with(p) something wrong What makes Incest different than child sexual abuse?All forms of child sexual abuse can have controvert semipermanent effects for the victim. You can read about some of those effectshere. Incest is especially damaging because it disrupts the childs capital support system, the family. * When a child is ill-treated by someone outside the family, the childs family is often able to pop the question support and a sense of safety. * When the abuser is someone in the family, the family may not be able to provide support or a sense of safety.Since the children (especially younger children) often have limited resources outside the family, it can be very catchy for the m to recover from incest * Incest can damage a childs ability to trust, since the people who were supposed to defend and care for them have ill-treat them. * Survivors of incest sometimes have clog developing trusting relationships * It can also be very damaging for a child if a non-abusing parent is advised of the abuse and choosesfor whatever reasonnot to take action to stop it. * There are many reasons that a non-abusing parent might not stop the abuse. The non-abusing parent may feel that they are subordinate on the abuser for shelter or income. * If the non-abusing parent was the victim of incest as a child, they may think that this is normal for families. * The non-abusing parent may feel that allowing the incest to continue is the only way to keep their partner. * The non-abusing parent may feel that their child was asking for it by behaving in ways that the parent perceives as provocative or seductive. * Unfortunately, many non-abusing parents are aware of the incest an d choose not to get their child out of the situation, or worse, to demonic their child for what has happened.This makes the long-term effects of incest worse. INCEST ease and the development of familiarity have led to many forms of sexuality to be accepted. Something which was considered as scandalous is now more or less normal. If you search the term incest online, you will get the impression that this is yet another variation of normal human sexuality. Still, scientists acquire that incest is sexual perversion which often signalises the familys dysfunctional trait. Incest usually occurs in socially isolated families and points to pathologic relations within the family. What is it and what are its consequences?Incestis unsexd as sexual intercourse or any form of sexual activity between closely related persons, especially within the quick family. Incest between an adult and a child is known asinterfamilial child sexual abuse. stock-still one third of child abusers are the pa rent or their spouse which is not the childs birth parent. Relatives or close family friends are the abuser in 85 percent of child sexual abuse cases doctor Gordana Buljan Flander told us. Children who suffered such sexual abuse have serious and long-term psychological damage, especially if parental incest is in question.Adults who experienced incest in their childhood tend to suffer from low self-esteem, they have difficulties in interpersonal relationships, sexual dysfunction and are at an extremely high risk of many mental disorders, experts claim. Variations to the theme There are several types of incest Parent-childis one of most common types of incest and statistics show it is usually father-daughter or stepfather-daughter incest. Other reports include mother-son incest or stepmother-son incest, while father-son incest is rarely reported. Sibling incestis considered to be widespread, although experts believe it is rarely reported.Research conducted by scientist Floyd Martinso n at an American university yielded raise results. 10-15 percent of students admitted to having sexual experience with a brother or sister. Of those, 30% reported negative reactions and 30% reported positive reactions. A similar study conducted in 1993 in the USA showed that 16 percent out of 930 adults were sexually abused by their brother or sister before turning 18. This form of incest is often reported in families where the parents are often absent or are emotionally unavailable.Apart from these forms, there is incest that occurs betweencousins. Some countries believe marriage or sexual relationship of a widow/widower and a brother or sister of the deceased spouse is somewhat incestuous. Psychiatry puts incest attached to paraphilia, i. e. pathologic sexual activities which is a root word name for every sexual activity that is considered unnatural in psychology and sexology. Apart from incest, paraphilia also includes paedophilia, sadism, masochism, sexual fetishism, exhibit ionism, voyeurism, necrophilia, nymphomania Some are legally regulated, others are not.Also, there is a thin line for some if extraordinary(predicate) sexual activity is in question which the majority of people do not practice, a sexual disorder or behaviour which is morally condemned by the society said doctor Domagoj Stimac, psychiatrist of Zagrebs Policlinic for the protection of children. Why does incest happen? knowledge has not yet determined what makes people attracted to one person and repelled by others. Sexual attraction is largely creditedto something we all know as brain alchemy, i. e. the central nervous system.Also, upbringing and earliest childhood experience affects who we will be attracted to. Still, scientists have yet to determine the exact cause why we are attracted to some people doctor Stimac told us. Not fantasy, but reality There is a new case of incest in the media everynow and hence, reminding us of the fact that it is an actual occurrence and not s omething that happens somewhere else. At the first of last year, a German court sentenced a 38-year-old man to 2 years and 3 months in prison house for forcing his wife to have sexual intercourse with their teenage son.The first time she slept with him, he was only 15. After several times she was forced to have sexual intercourse, the wife reported the case to the police. What if love is in question? Recently, a story was published in Germany about a brother and sister, Susan (22) and Patrick (29), who are living together and have 4 children. Despite the fact Patrick has spent more than 2 years in prison and the environment cannot accept them, they are rubbish to legalise their relationship and think censor incest means denying sexual freedom. They love each other and insufficiency to hot together in a real marital union.Although aware their love is funny to say the least, they do not want to give it up. Another case is a sexual-love affair between 61-year Australian and his 3 9-year-old daughter, who made their relationship public during a TV show when their daughter was born. Incest is actually much more common than we would think, i. e. hope. It is more common in primitive societies, but it is still present in developed ones. This can be concluded from so called xxx websites, which offer us stories, photos and films with incestuous sexual relations.Still, incest is still a taboo, few people dare to openly speak about it doctor Domagoj Stimac believes. INCEST Incest is one of the most interesting taboos of our time. The definition of incest is a highly polemic topic. Yet, the definition of incest is one of the most authorized definitions for the people involved, though the legal and psychological meanings are not much the same. Incest needs to be similarly defined for the incestuous parties, both by the law and by psychologists. The definition of incest should be determined by the cases of incest.The people who commit incest and the types of incest should be considered when reservation this definition for the law. Why incest occurs has a great deal to do with the people and the types of incest. With the definition dissimilar between the law and psychologists, it is very difficult for the involved to do anything about it. The definition is both verbalise as wrong by law and by most religious morals. According to psychologists, incest is defined as A) any intimate tangible contact that is sexually arousing between non-married members of afamily. Justice, pg 25) What this is interpreted as is that sexual intercourse does not need to occur for a situation to be considered incestuous. Stroking, fondling, or even intimately kissing can be considered incest. This is not all true for the legal definition. In Georgia, incest is defined as any sexual intercourse between known relatives, by blood or by marriage, (meaning a step-parent and step-child. ) Incest laws basically exist to prohibit marriage or inbreeding between family memb ers, and the sentences are almost never carried out. Kosof, pg 53) So incest is stated as wrong, but not enforced. The Bible states that incest is wrong, just as the law does. A goddamn be he who has relations with his fathers wife Cursed be he who has relations with his sister or half-sister (Deu 2720,22. )Therefore, the definition can be altered to fit the needs of the definer. The different forms of incest are as follows father-daughter, mother-son, brother-sister, and father-son. Conditions of incest outweart always involve intercourse, but still hurt the included. So, the conditions should help to define the firm meaning. But surely at fourteen, I should have been capable of escaping (Armstrong, pg 7)Father-daughter is the most common form of incest. Three-fourths of all reported cases usually involve dad and his oldest daughter. It is usually non- carmine, and the daughters usually feel uncommitted to their mothers. (Kempe, pgs 48-51) Sometimes the daughter may act in a se ductive manner toward her father, or the father might act as a big brother forcing his little sister to misbehave. (Armstrong, pg 235) If the daughter is seductive, thusly she might gain power over her father.This is not always true for mother-son incest. Mother-son incest is usually brought on as a way to highly express love, sex training, or the mother is promiscuous. If the mother feels like she is expressing her love to her son, then she uses sex as a means of closeness. (Justice, pg 102) There is either no husband or a passive husband. The mother can be very seductive and encourage the son to have sex with her and limits the sons social life. She acts on a dont leave me attitude to keep her son tied down. Sometimes the son gets aroused my his mother and then becomes the aggressor. Justice, pg 103) If he isnt attracted to mom, why not be attracted to his sister? This is the case in brother-sister, or sibling incest. It is less traumatic and the male participant may be purple about it. The brothers can become violent and force their sister to join in, although usually the sister is willing to participate. (Justice, pg 105) When both of the children are shy, the girl sees him as the only bloke she will ever have and becomes flirtatious. The two could also have mutual admiration, and then become sexually attracted to each other.This leads into the most rarely reported incest of the four. Father-son incest is rarely reported because it violates two taboos, homosexuality and incest. (Justice, 196) Males want to protect their masculinity, so they will not tell anyone. They pretend to like girls, and they date them, but tend to be attracted to boys. When they move out of the house, they sometimes choose to be a male prostitute. The fathers can be boozer and very abusive. The fathers of any incestuous relationship can have psychopathic or symbiotic personalities.Him who has a psychopathic personality seeksstimulation, and has a get even aggressiveness. No feel ings of guilt and a powerful need for aggression seem to happen often in most cases. I literally could not walk out of the house without my father wanting to know where I was going, with whom, and when I would be back. (Kosof, pg 17) He may be promiscuous or pansexual, (meaning that all he can think about is sex. Everything is a sex object to him. ) (Justice, pgs 83-85) The father with a symbiotic personality hungers for intimacy. The only way of expression he knows is through sex.There are four types of symbiotic personalities. The draw in, the rationalizer, the tyrant, and the alcoholic. The introvert is very protective toward his family and fells Aunder attack. He cannot trust people and is easily disappointed. The wife usually denies him sex. The rationalizer shows what love is, or teaches sex didactics to his daughter. The tyrant is the authoritarian he uses threats and personal force to get what he wants. He pretends to have everything under control and crosss the problem at home. His daughter owes him sex.He is very prehensile and paranoid. The alcoholic is a dependant, although he tries to hide it. 10-15% of incest committers are alcoholics. Mothers share most of the characteristics of the father. The mothers may be promiscuous and long to be taken care of. Incest might demoralize as innocent sleeping with her son and then drifts into more physical things. She is not likely to have intercourse with her son, but she implies that someday she will give herself amply to the son, which can lead to the son being a violator, which is rare because the children of incest are for the most part victims. Justice, pg 145)Sex is not sex for the incest survivor. (Blume, pg 207) different children of incest act in different ways. It in general depends on how the incest was brought about. Some may act untouched by the experience and seldom are able to defend themselves. When they exit adulthood, the might start experiencing flashbacks or amnesia. They live in denial and have an emotional shutdown. (Blume, pg 322) Sometimes they result in schizophrenia or multiple personality disorders. They also seem to have sexual shutdowns and are uncomfortable with it. But why does this occur?Incest usually occurs when sex stops between mother and father. Mom either denies dad sex, there is a major life crisis, or opportunity knocks. The opportunity for incest occurs when mother is gone all the time and so the daughter assumes the role of the mother. When this happens, there is a need for treatment. This is when the definition of incest is most of the essence(p). The children are very scared and need confidence. If he/she tells a psychologist or teacher, that person is required by law to tell the regime. (Kosof, pg 53) When the authorities are contacted, the definition comes into play.The child wants to feel safe, and if their definition of incest doesnt live up to the laws, then the charges could be dropped and the child gets into more problem s with incest. Therefore, the background of the incest is very important to the laws definition. By the people involved, the form, and why it occurs are critical to back up the child out when defining the term. The definition of incest by the law should be closer to the definition of psychologists in order to help out the family. It is evident that we still know very little about how to treat the sexual offender and the abused child effectively. (Kempe, pg 109)